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Key-Value (KV) cache has become a bottleneck of LLMs for long-context generation. Despite the numerous efforts in this area, the optimization for the decoding phase is generally ignored. However, we believe such optimization is crucial,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jialong Wu , Zhenglin Wang , Linhai Zhang , Yilong Lai , Yulan He , Deyu Zhou

Recent large language model applications, such as Retrieval-Augmented Generation and chatbots, have led to an increased need to process longer input contexts. However, this requirement is hampered by inherent limitations. Architecturally,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Giulio Corallo , Paolo Papotti

Using special tokens (e.g., gist, memory, or compressed tokens) to compress context information is a common practice for large language models (LLMs). However, existing approaches often neglect that position encodings inherently induce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Runsong Zhao , Xin Liu , Xinyu Liu , Pengcheng Huang , Chunyang Xiao , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Large Language Model (LLM) inference uses an autoregressive manner to generate one token at a time, which exhibits notably lower operational intensity compared to earlier Machine Learning (ML) models such as encoder-only transformers and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Yufeng Gu , Alireza Khadem , Sumanth Umesh , Ning Liang , Xavier Servot , Onur Mutlu , Ravi Iyer , Reetuparna Das

We present Cacheback Decoding, a training-free and model-agnostic speculative decoding method that exploits the locality in language to accelerate Large Language Model (LLM) inference. Cacheback leverages only Least Recently Used (LRU)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Zhiyao Ma , In Gim , Lin Zhong

The revolutionary capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are attracting rapidly growing popularity and leading to soaring user requests to inference serving systems. Caching techniques, which leverage data reuse to reduce computation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Longwei Zou , Yan Liu , Jiamu Kang , Tingfeng Liu , Jiangang Kong , Yangdong Deng

While convolution and self-attention are extensively used in learned image compression (LIC) for transform coding, this paper proposes an alternative called Contextual Clustering based LIC (CLIC) which primarily relies on clustering…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-23 Yichi Zhang , Zhihao Duan , Ming Lu , Dandan Ding , Fengqing Zhu , Zhan Ma

Optimizing inference for long-context large language models (LLMs) is increasingly important due to the quadratic compute and linear memory cost of Transformers. Existing approximate inference methods, including key-value (KV) cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Kevin Galim , Ethan Ewer , Wonjun Kang , Minjae Lee , Hyung Il Koo , Kangwook Lee

Key-Value (KV) caching is a common technique to enhance the computational efficiency of Large Language Models (LLMs), but its memory overhead grows rapidly with input length. Prior work has shown that not all tokens are equally important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Yu Fu , Zefan Cai , Abedelkadir Asi , Wayne Xiong , Yue Dong , Wen Xiao

Answering real-world tourism questions that seek Point-of-Interest (POI) recommendations is challenging, as it requires both spatial and non-spatial reasoning, over a large candidate pool. The traditional method of encoding each pair of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Haonan Li , Martin Tomko , Timothy Baldwin

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on vision-language tasks, yet often suffer from inefficiencies due to redundant visual tokens. Existing token merging methods reduce sequence length but frequently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Mouxiao Huang , Borui Jiang , Dehua Zheng , Hailin Hu , Kai Han , Xinghao Chen

Incorporating external knowledge in large language models (LLMs) enhances their utility across diverse applications, but existing methods have trade-offs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) fetches evidence via similarity search, but key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Giulio Corallo , Orion Weller , Fabio Petroni , Paolo Papotti

The Key-Value (KV) cache is central to the efficiency of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), storing previously computed vectors to accelerate inference. Yet, as sequence length and batch size grow, the cache becomes a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Damien Lesens , Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

While large language models (LLMs) excel at handling long-context sequences, they require substantial prefill computation and key-value (KV) cache, which can heavily burden computational efficiency and memory usage in both prefill and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Dongwon Jo , Jiwon Song , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Since local LLM inference on resource-constrained edge devices imposes a severe performance bottleneck, this paper proposes distributed prompt caching to enhance inference performance by cooperatively sharing intermediate processing states…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hiroki Matsutani , Naoki Matsuda , Naoto Sugiura

Large Language Models (LLMs) confront significant memory challenges due to the escalating KV cache with increasing sequence length. As a crucial technique, existing cross-layer KV cache sharing methods either necessitate modified model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yixuan Wang , Haoyu Qiao , Lujun Li , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs), epitomized by ChatGPT's release in late 2022, have revolutionized various industries with their advanced language comprehension. However, their efficiency is challenged by the Transformer architecture's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Luohe Shi , Hongyi Zhang , Yao Yao , Zuchao Li , Hai Zhao

The KV cache used in large language models has linearly growing time complexity, so LLMs face memory blow-up and reduced decoding efficiency when they process long contexts. Current KV Cache eviction has become an important research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wei Luo , Yi Huang , Songchen Ma , Huanyu Qu , Jiang Cai , Mingkun Xu

During inference for transformer-based large language models (LLM), prefilling is the computation of the key-value (KV) cache for input tokens in the prompt prior to autoregressive generation. For longer input prompt lengths, prefilling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Siyan Zhao , Daniel Israel , Guy Van den Broeck , Aditya Grover

The rapid growth of high-resolution scientific simulations and observation systems is generating massive spatiotemporal datasets, making efficient, error-bounded compression increasingly important. Meanwhile, decoder-only large language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Guozhong Li , Muhannad Alhumaidi , Spiros Skiadopoulos , Panos Kalnis