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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) effectively trains reasoning models that rely on abundant perfect labels, but its vulnerability to unavoidable noisy labels due to expert scarcity remains critically underexplored. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Shenzhi Yang , Guangcheng Zhu , Bowen Song , Sharon Li , Haobo Wang , Xing Zheng , Yingfan Ma , Zhongqi Chen , Weiqiang Wang , Gang Chen

Recurrent Neural networks (RNN) have shown promising potential for learning dynamics of sequential data. However, artificial neural networks are known to exhibit poor robustness in presence of input noise, where the sequential architecture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-05 Arash Amini , Guangyi Liu , Nader Motee

Recent developments in Reinforcement learning have significantly enhanced sequential decision-making in uncertain environments. Despite their strong performance guarantees, most existing work has focused primarily on improving the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Bo Pan , Jianya Lu , Yafei Wang , Hao Li , Bei Jiang , Linglong Kong

Estimation of signal-to-noise ratios and residual variances in high-dimensional linear models has various important applications including, e.g. heritability estimation in bioinformatics. One commonly used estimator, usually referred to as…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-06-09 Xiaohan Hu , Xiaodong Li

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) statistics play a central role in many applications. A common situation where SNR is studied is when a continuous time signal is sampled at a fixed frequency with some noise in the background. While estimation…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-05 Francesco Giordano , Pietro Coretto

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful framework for sequential decision-making in dynamic environments, particularly when system parameters are unknown. This paper investigates RL-based control for entropy-regularized…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Gabriel Diaz , Lucky Li , Wenhao Zhang

Several approximate inference algorithms have been proposed to minimize an alpha-divergence between an approximating distribution and a target distribution. Many of these algorithms introduce bias, the magnitude of which becomes problematic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-27 Tomas Geffner , Justin Domke

Uncertainty quantification is vital for decision-making and risk assessment in machine learning. Mean-variance regression models, which predict both a mean and residual noise for each data point, provide a simple approach to uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-01 Eliot Wong-Toi , Alex Boyd , Vincent Fortuin , Stephan Mandt

In recent times, a variety of Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have been proposed for optimal tracking problem of continuous time nonlinear systems with input constraints. Most of these algorithms are based on the notion of uniform…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-06-16 Amardeep Mishra , Satadal Ghosh

Natural policy gradient methods are popular reinforcement learning methods that improve the stability of policy gradient methods by utilizing second-order approximations to precondition the gradient with the inverse of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Brennan Gebotys , Alexander Wong , David A. Clausi

Policy gradient methods hold great potential for solving complex continuous control tasks. Still, their training efficiency can be improved by exploiting structure within the optimization problem. Recent work indicates that supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Jan Schneider , Pierre Schumacher , Simon Guist , Le Chen , Daniel Häufle , Bernhard Schölkopf , Dieter Büchler

We consider the problem of learning stabilizable systems governed by nonlinear state equation $h_{t+1}=\phi(h_t,u_t;\theta)+w_t$. Here $\theta$ is the unknown system dynamics, $h_t $ is the state, $u_t$ is the input and $w_t$ is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-22 Yahya Sattar , Samet Oymak

Learning to evaluate and improve policies is a core problem of Reinforcement Learning (RL). Traditional RL algorithms learn a value function defined for a single policy. A recently explored competitive alternative is to learn a single value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Francesco Faccio , Aditya Ramesh , Vincent Herrmann , Jean Harb , Jürgen Schmidhuber

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) is highly effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, yet its direct application to diffusion large language models (dLLMs) often triggers reward collapse. We identify two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Jianyuan Zhong , Kaibo Wang , Ding Ding , Zijin Feng , Haoli Bai , Yang Xiang , Jiacheng Sun , Qiang Xu

We propose a novel hybrid stochastic policy gradient estimator by combining an unbiased policy gradient estimator, the REINFORCE estimator, with another biased one, an adapted SARAH estimator for policy optimization. The hybrid policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Nhan H. Pham , Lam M. Nguyen , Dzung T. Phan , Phuong Ha Nguyen , Marten van Dijk , Quoc Tran-Dinh

Gradient dynamics play a central role in determining the stability and generalization of deep neural networks. In this work, we provide an empirical analysis of how variance and standard deviation of gradients evolve during training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Vincent-Daniel Yun

In reinforcement learning (RL), temporal difference (TD) errors are widely adopted for optimizing value and policy functions. However, since the TD error is defined by a bootstrap method, its computation tends to be noisy and destabilize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Taisuke Kobayashi

Throughput optimization of optical communication systems is a key challenge for current optical networks. The use of gain-flattening filters (GFFs) simplifies the problem at the cost of insertion loss, higher power consumption and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Metodi Plamenov Yankov , Pawel Marcin Kaminski , Henrik Enggaard Hansen , Francesco Da Ros

Unrolled computation graphs are prevalent throughout machine learning but present challenges to automatic differentiation (AD) gradient estimation methods when their loss functions exhibit extreme local sensitivtiy, discontinuity, or…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Oscar Li , James Harrison , Jascha Sohl-Dickstein , Virginia Smith , Luke Metz

Deep reinforcement learning agents for continuous control are known to exhibit significant instability in their performance over time. In this work, we provide a fresh perspective on these behaviors by studying the return landscape: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Nate Rahn , Pierluca D'Oro , Harley Wiltzer , Pierre-Luc Bacon , Marc G. Bellemare