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We reveal that transformers trained in an autoregressive manner naturally encode time-delayed causal structures in their learned representations. When predicting future values in multivariate time series, the gradient sensitivities of…

Approaches for appraising feature importance approximations, alternatively referred to as attribution methods, have been established across an extensive array of contexts. The development of resilient techniques for performance benchmarking…

Gradient methods have become mainstream techniques for Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) in learning and vision fields. The validity of existing works heavily relies on solving a series of approximation subproblems with extraordinarily high…

Recent research has demonstrated that transformers, particularly linear attention models, implicitly execute gradient-descent-like algorithms on data provided in-context during their forward inference step. However, their capability in…

Most efforts in interpretability in deep learning have focused on (1) extracting explanations of a specific downstream task in relation to the input features and (2) imposing constraints on the model, often at the expense of predictive…

Gradient boosting algorithms construct a regression predictor using a linear combination of ``base learners''. Boosting also offers an approach to obtaining robust non-parametric regression estimators that are scalable to applications with…

Representations learned by pre-training a neural network on a large dataset are increasingly used successfully to perform a variety of downstream tasks. In this work, we take a closer look at how features are encoded in such pre-trained…

Gradient-based hyperparameter optimization (HPO) have emerged recently, leveraging bilevel programming techniques to optimize hyperparameter by estimating hypergradient w.r.t. validation loss. Nevertheless, previous theoretical works mainly…

Gradient-based learning in multi-agent systems is difficult because the gradient derives from a first-order model which does not account for the interaction between agents' learning processes. LOLA (arXiv:1709.04326) accounts for this by…

Layer-wise learning, as an alternative to global back-propagation, is easy to interpret, analyze, and it is memory efficient. Recent studies demonstrate that layer-wise learning can achieve state-of-the-art performance in image…

Differentiable simulators promise faster computation time for reinforcement learning by replacing zeroth-order gradient estimates of a stochastic objective with an estimate based on first-order gradients. However, it is yet unclear what…

Modern AI agents such as large language models are trained on diverse tasks -- translation, code generation, mathematical reasoning, and text prediction -- simultaneously. A key question is how to quantify the influence of each individual…

Distilling vision-language models into faster hybrid architectures, such as 3:1 Mamba-2/attention mixes, is now standard practice for making inference efficient. Aggregate benchmarks suggest that this works but they hide selective failures.…

Estimating hyperparameters has been a long-standing problem in machine learning. We consider the case where the task at hand is modeled as the solution to an optimization problem. Here the exact gradient with respect to the hyperparameters…

Value-based deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms suffer from the estimation bias primarily caused by function approximation and temporal difference (TD) learning. This problem induces faulty state-action value estimates and therefore…

Transformer based models have shown remarkable capabilities in sequence learning across a wide range of tasks, often performing well on specific task by leveraging input-output examples. Despite their empirical success, a comprehensive…

In recent years, Deep Learning has become the go-to solution for a broad range of applications, often outperforming state-of-the-art. However, it is important, for both theoreticians and practitioners, to gain a deeper understanding of the…

Generative Adversarial Networks (Goodfellow et al., 2014), a major breakthrough in the field of generative modeling, learn a discriminator to estimate some distance between the target and the candidate distributions. This paper examines…

Gradient-based adversarial attacks are widely used to evaluate the robustness of 3D point cloud classifiers, yet they often rely on uniform update rules that neglect point-wise heterogeneity, leading to perceptible perturbations. We propose…

Mechanistic interpretability of biological foundation models has relied on selective feature sampling, pairwise interaction testing, and observational trajectory analysis. Each of these can introduce systematic bias. Here we present three…