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The escalating global mental health crisis, marked by persistent treatment gaps, availability, and a shortage of qualified therapists, positions Large Language Models (LLMs) as a promising avenue for scalable support. While LLMs offer…

AI based mental health diagnosis is often judged by benchmark accuracy, yet in practice its value depends on how psychologists respond whether they accept, adjust, or reject AI suggestions. Mental health makes this especially challenging:…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Filippo Cenacchi , Longbing Cao , Deborah Richards

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as interactive agents, open-ended human-AI interactions can involve deceptive behaviors with serious real-world consequences, yet existing evaluations remain largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Yichen Wu , Qianqian Gao , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

This paper proposes a pipeline for quantitatively evaluating interactive LLMs such as ChatGPT using publicly available dataset. We carry out an extensive technical evaluation of ChatGPT using Big-Vul covering five different common software…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Xin Yin

Embodied AI systems, including robots and autonomous vehicles, are increasingly integrated into real-world applications, where they encounter a range of vulnerabilities stemming from both environmental and system-level factors. These…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Wenpeng Xing , Minghao Li , Mohan Li , Meng Han

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has increased interest in their use as therapists to address mental health challenges and the widespread lack of access to care. However, experts have emphasized the critical need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Yu Ying Chiu , Ashish Sharma , Inna Wanyin Lin , Tim Althoff

Software engineers are increasingly incorporating AI assistants into their workflows to enhance productivity and alleviate cognitive load. However, experiences with large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT vary widely. While some…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiessie Tie , Bingsheng Yao , Tianshi Li , Hongbo Fang , Syed Ishtiaque Ahmed , Dakuo Wang , Shurui Zhou

This article presents the results and their discussion for the third wave (with n=23 participants) within a multinational longitudinal study that investigates the evolving paradigm of human-AI collaboration in problem-solving contexts.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Matthias Huemmer , Theophile Shyiramunda , Franziska Durner , Michelle J. Cummings-Koether

As large language models (LLMs) are embedded into mental health technologies, they are often framed either as tools assisting therapists or autonomous therapeutic systems. Such perspectives overlook their potential to mediate relational…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Jiatao Quan , Ziyue Li , Tian Qi Zhu , Yuxuan Li , Baoying Wang , Wanda Pratt , Nan Gao

Measuring personal disclosures made in human-chatbot interactions can provide a better understanding of users' AI literacy and facilitate privacy research for large language models (LLMs). We run an extensive, fine-grained analysis on the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Niloofar Mireshghallah , Maria Antoniak , Yash More , Yejin Choi , Golnoosh Farnadi

Although artificial intelligence (AI) shows growing promise for mental health care, current approaches to evaluating AI tools in this domain remain fragmented and poorly aligned with clinical practice, social context, and first-hand user…

This paper introduces ChatbotManip, a novel dataset for studying manipulation in Chatbots. It contains simulated generated conversations between a chatbot and a (simulated) user, where the chatbot is explicitly asked to showcase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jack Contro , Simrat Deol , Yulan He , Martim Brandão

LGBTQ+ community face disproportionate mental health challenges, including higher rates of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Research has shown that LGBTQ+ people have been using large language model-based chatbots, such as…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Yinru Long , Zilin Ma , Yiyang Mei , Zhaoyuan Su

Generative Artificial Intelligence is set to revolutionize healthcare delivery by transforming traditional patient care into a more personalized, efficient, and proactive process. Chatbots, serving as interactive conversational models, will…

Ramaswamy et al. reported in Nature Medicine that ChatGPT Health under-triages 51.6% of emergencies, concluding that consumer-facing AI triage poses safety risks. However, their evaluation used an exam-style protocol -- forced A/B/C/D…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-27 David Fraile Navarro , Farah Magrabi , Enrico Coiera

Therapeutic art activities, such as expressive drawing and painting, require the synergy between creative visual production and interactive dialogue. Recent advancements in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have expanded the capacity…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Le Lin , Zihao Zhu , Rainbow Tin Hung Ho , Jing Liao , Yuhan Luo

AI chatbots already function as de facto mental health support tools for millions of people, including people in crisis. Yet, they lack the clinical validation, shared standards, and coordinated oversight that their societal role demands.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Emily Saltz , Claire R. Leibowicz

Conversation agents, commonly referred to as chatbots, are increasingly deployed in many domains to allow people to have a natural interaction while trying to solve a specific problem. Given their widespread use, it is important to provide…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Biplav Srivastava , Francesca Rossi , Sheema Usmani , and Mariana Bernagozzi

LLM based chatbots have become central interfaces in technical, educational, and analytical domains, supporting tasks such as code reasoning, problem solving, and information exploration. As these systems scale, sustainability concerns have…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Ronnie de Souza Santos , Cleyton Magalhães , Italo Santos

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used by teenagers and young adults in everyday life, ranging from emotional support and creative expression to educational assistance. However, their unique vulnerabilities and risk profiles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yaman Yu , Yiren Liu , Jacky Zhang , Yun Huang , Yang Wang