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The growth of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem built on blockchain technology and smart contracts has led to an increased demand for secure and reliable smart contract development. However, attacks targeting smart contracts are…

Modern AI agents execute real-world side effects through tool calls such as file operations, shell commands, HTTP requests, and database queries. A single unsafe action, including accidental deletion, credential exposure, or data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chenglin Yang

In recent years, blockchain technology has introduced decentralized finance (DeFi) as an alternative to traditional financial systems. DeFi aims to create a transparent and efficient financial ecosystem using smart contracts and emerging…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Bingqiao Luo , Zhen Zhang , Qian Wang , Anli Ke , Shengliang Lu , Bingsheng He

We assess the market risk of the DeFi lending protocols using a multi-asset agent-based model to simulate ensembles of users subject to price-driven liquidation risk. Our multi-asset methodology shows that the protocol's systemic risk is…

General Economics · Economics 2022-12-15 Amit Chaudhary , Daniele Pinna

The x402 protocol revives the HTTP 402 Payment Required status code to enable web-native micropayments across APIs, content, and agents. It combines synchronous HTTP authorization with asynchronous blockchain settlement and introduces a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zelin Li , Qin Wang , Zhipeng Wang

DeFi (Decentralized Finance) is one of the most important applications of today's cryptocurrencies and smart contracts. It manages hundreds of billions in Total Value Locked (TVL) on-chain, yet it remains susceptible to common DeFi price…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Juantao Zhong , Daoyuan Wu , Ye Liu , Maoyi Xie , Yang Liu , Yi Li , Ning Liu

The application of agentic AI systems in autonomous decision-making is growing in the areas of healthcare, smart cities, digital forensics, and supply chain management. Even though these systems are flexible and offer real-time reasoning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Salman Jan , Hassan Ali Razzaqi , Ali Akarma , Mohammad Riyaz Belgaum

The global economy is entering the era of Agentic Commerce, where autonomous agents can discover services, negotiate prices, and transact value. However adoption towards agentic commerce faces a foundational trust gap: current systems are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mehul Goenka , Tejas Pathak , Siddharth Asthana

Traditional blockchain untraceability schemes, such as mixers and privacy coins, obscure the sender-receiver relationship by placing transfers within an anonymity set. This paper studies a stronger goal: whether the transfer event itself…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Eunchan Park , Kyonghwa Song , Won Hoi Kim , Wonho Song , Min Suk Kang

Autonomous agents are moving beyond simple retrieval tasks to become economic actors that invoke APIs, sequence workflows, and make real-time decisions. As this shift accelerates, API providers need request-level monetization with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Mohd Safwan Uddin , Mohammed Mouzam , Mohammed Imran , Syed Badar Uddin Faizan

Since the inception of permissionless blockchains with Bitcoin in 2008, it became apparent that their most well-suited use case is related to making the financial system and its advantages available to everyone seamlessly without depending…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2023-06-16 Georgios Palaiokrassas , Sandro Scherrers , Iason Ofeidis , Leandros Tassiulas

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) are blockchain-based organizations that facilitate decentralized governance. Today, DAOs not only hold billions of dollars in their treasury but also govern many of the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-08 Rainer Feichtinger , Robin Fritsch , Lioba Heimbach , Yann Vonlanthen , Roger Wattenhofer

Autonomous AI agents live or die by the API tokens they consume: without paid inference capacity they cannot reason, act, or delegate. Compute-token cost has become the binding resource of the emerging agent economy, yet it is…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Shaoyu Li , Chaoyu Zhang , Hexuan Yu , Y. Thomas Hou , Wenjing Lou

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a nascent set of financial services, using tokens, smart contracts, and blockchain technology as financial instruments. We investigate four possible drivers of DeFi returns: exposure to cryptocurrency market,…

Computational Finance · Quantitative Finance 2024-03-07 Florentina Şoiman , Guillaume Dumas , Sonia Jimenez-Garces

In recent years, the Decentralized Finance (DeFi) market has witnessed numerous attacks on the price oracle, leading to substantial economic losses. Despite the advent of truth discovery methods opening up new avenues for oracle…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Youquan Xian , Peng Liu , Dongcheng Li , Xueying Zeng

Blockchain adoption has surged with the rise of Decentralized Finance (DeFi) applications. However, the significant value of digital assets managed by DeFi protocols makes them prime targets for attacks. Current smart contract vulnerability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Hongbo Wen , Hanzhi Liu , Jiaxin Song , Yanju Chen , Wenbo Guo , Yu Feng

Smart contracts govern billions of dollars in decentralized finance (DeFi), yet automated vulnerability detection remains challenging because many vulnerabilities are tightly coupled with project-specific business logic. We observe that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Ziqiao Kong , Wanxu Xia , Chong Wang , Yi Lu , Pan Li , Shaohua Li , Zong Cao , Yang Liu

Decentralized finance (DeFi) has the potential to disrupt centralized finance by validating peer-to-peer transactions through tamper-proof smart contracts, thus significantly lowering the transaction cost charged by financial…

General Economics · Economics 2023-12-04 Ziqiao Ao , Lin William Cong , Gergely Horvath , Luyao Zhang

Cryptocurrency has seen an explosive growth in recent years, thanks to the evolvement of blockchain technology and its economic ecosystem. Besides Bitcoin, thousands of cryptocurrencies have been distributed on blockchains, while hundreds…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Ru Ji , Ningyu He , Lei Wu , Haoyu Wang , Guangdong Bai , Yao Guo

The Decentralized Finance (DeFi) ecosystem has experienced over \$10 billion in direct losses due to crime events. Beyond these immediate losses, such events often trigger broader market reactions, including price declines, trading activity…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Stefan Kitzler , Masarah Paquet-Clouston , Bernhard Haslhofer