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Large language models (LLMs) achieve strong average performance yet remain unreliable at the instance level, with frequent hallucinations, brittle failures, and poorly calibrated confidence. We study reliability through the lens of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Pranav Kallem

Large language models (LLMs) exhibit extensive medical knowledge but are prone to hallucinations and inaccurate citations, which pose a challenge to their clinical adoption and regulatory compliance. Current methods, such as Retrieval…

Formal verification via theorem proving enables the expressive specification and rigorous proof of software correctness, but it is difficult to scale due to the significant manual effort and expertise required. While Large Language Models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Minghai Lu , Zhe Zhou , Danning Xie , Songlin Jia , Benjamin Delaware , Tianyi Zhang

Automatic fact-checking plays a crucial role in combating the spread of misinformation. Large Language Models (LLMs) and Instruction-Following variants, such as InstructGPT and Alpaca, have shown remarkable performance in various natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Tsun-Hin Cheung , Kin-Man Lam

We introduce Inference-Time Intervention (ITI), a technique designed to enhance the "truthfulness" of large language models (LLMs). ITI operates by shifting model activations during inference, following a set of directions across a limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Kenneth Li , Oam Patel , Fernanda Viégas , Hanspeter Pfister , Martin Wattenberg

Multimodal Large Language Models (mLLMs) are often used to answer questions in structured data such as tables in Markdown, JSON, and images. While these models can often give correct answers, users also need to know where those answers come…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Yahia Alqurnawi , Preetom Biswas , Anmol Rao , Tejas Anvekar , Chitta Baral , Vivek Gupta

Due to the rapid generation and dissemination of information, large language models (LLMs) quickly run out of date despite enormous development costs. To address the crucial need to keep models updated, online learning has emerged as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jihoon Tack , Jaehyung Kim , Eric Mitchell , Jinwoo Shin , Yee Whye Teh , Jonathan Richard Schwarz

Language models are increasingly being used in important decision pipelines, so ensuring the correctness of their outputs is crucial. Recent work has proposed evaluating the "factuality" of claims decomposed from a language model generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Maxon Rubin-Toles , Maya Gambhir , Keshav Ramji , Aaron Roth , Surbhi Goel

This paper introduces a conformal inference method to evaluate uncertainty in classification by generating prediction sets with valid coverage conditional on adaptively chosen features. These features are carefully selected to reflect…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-31 Yanfei Zhou , Matteo Sesia

Large Language and Vision-Language Models (LLMs/VLMs) are increasingly used in safety-critical applications, yet their opaque decision-making complicates risk assessment and reliability. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) helps assess…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Sina Tayebati , Divake Kumar , Nastaran Darabi , Dinithi Jayasuriya , Ranganath Krishnan , Amit Ranjan Trivedi

Large Language Models (LLMs) are notorious for blending fact with fiction and generating non-factual content, known as hallucinations. To address this challenge, we propose an interactive system that helps users gain insight into the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Furui Cheng , Vilém Zouhar , Simran Arora , Mrinmaya Sachan , Hendrik Strobelt , Mennatallah El-Assady

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across diverse tasks. However, these models are typically deployed with fixed weights, which limits their ability to adapt dynamically to the variability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kamer Ali Yuksel , Hassan Sawaf

Grounded claim factuality checking is important for large language model (LLM) applications such as retrieval-augmented generation, as it helps users assess the correctness of generated outputs. Existing metrics using entailment classifiers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to generate contextually grounded responses, contextual faithfulness remains challenging as LLMs may not consistently trust provided context, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yongchao Long , Xian Wu , Yingying Zhang , Xianbin Wen , Yuxi Zhou , Shenda Hong

Safely aligning large language models (LLMs) often demands extensive human-labeled preference data, a process that's both costly and time-consuming. While synthetic data offers a promising alternative, current methods frequently rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kyubyung Chae , Hyunbin Jin , Taesup Kim

A common strategy for fact-checking long-form content generated by Large Language Models (LLMs) is extracting simple claims that can be verified independently. Since inaccurate or incomplete claims compromise fact-checking results, ensuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Dasha Metropolitansky , Jonathan Larson

This survey addresses the crucial issue of factuality in Large Language Models (LLMs). As LLMs find applications across diverse domains, the reliability and accuracy of their outputs become vital. We define the Factuality Issue as the…

Ensuring the verifiability of model answers is a fundamental challenge for retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) in the question answering (QA) domain. Recently, self-citation prompting was proposed to make large language models (LLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Jirui Qi , Gabriele Sarti , Raquel Fernández , Arianna Bisazza

Large Language Models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate, limiting their reliability in critical applications. Conformal Prediction (CP) addresses this by calibrating error rates on held-out data to provide statistically valid confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Nathan Hittesdorf , Marco Salzetta , Lu Cheng

With the enhancement in the field of generative artificial intelligence (AI), contextual question answering has become extremely relevant. Attributing model generations to the input source document is essential to ensure trustworthiness and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Anirudh Phukan , Shwetha Somasundaram , Apoorv Saxena , Koustava Goswami , Balaji Vasan Srinivasan