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Rumor spreaders are increasingly utilizing multimedia content to attract the attention and trust of news consumers. Though quite a few rumor detection models have exploited the multi-modal data, they seldom consider the inconsistent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Mengzhu Sun , Xi Zhang , Jianqiang Ma , Sihong Xie , Yazheng Liu , Philip S. Yu

Internet memes are a powerful form of online communication, yet their nature and reliance on commonsense knowledge make toxicity detection challenging. Identifying key features for meme interpretation and understanding, is a crucial task.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Stefano De Giorgis , Ting-Chih Chen , Filip Ilievski

Internet memes have gained significant influence in communicating political, psychological, and sociocultural ideas. While memes are often humorous, there has been a rise in the use of memes for trolling and cyberbullying. Although a wide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Prince Jha , Krishanu Maity , Raghav Jain , Apoorv Verma , Sriparna Saha , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Multimodal VAEs seek to model the joint distribution over heterogeneous data (e.g.\ vision, language), whilst also capturing a shared representation across such modalities. Prior work has typically combined information from the modalities…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Tom Joy , Yuge Shi , Philip H. S. Torr , Tom Rainforth , Sebastian M. Schmon , N. Siddharth

Image memes and specifically their widely-known variation image macros, is a special new media type that combines text with images and is used in social media to playfully or subtly express humour, irony, sarcasm and even hate. It is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Christos Koutlis , Manos Schinas , Symeon Papadopoulos

Hateful memes are a growing menace on social media. While the image and its corresponding text in a meme are related, they do not necessarily convey the same meaning when viewed individually. Hence, detecting hateful memes requires careful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Gokul Karthik Kumar , Karthik Nandakumar

Memes are a popular form of communicating trends and ideas in social media and on the internet in general, combining the modalities of images and text. They can express humor and sarcasm but can also have offensive content. Analyzing and…

Memes are a powerful tool for communication over social media. Their affinity for evolving across politics, history, and sociocultural phenomena makes them an ideal communication vehicle. To comprehend the subtle message conveyed within a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Shivam Sharma , Ramaneswaran S , Udit Arora , Md. Shad Akhtar , Tanmoy Chakraborty

The proliferation of social media has given rise to a new form of communication: memes. Memes are multimodal and often contain a combination of text and visual elements that convey meaning, humor, and cultural significance. While meme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Nirmalendu Prakash , Han Wang , Nguyen Khoi Hoang , Ming Shan Hee , Roy Ka-Wei Lee

Memes are popular in the modern world and are distributed primarily for entertainment. However, harmful ideologies such as misogyny can be propagated through innocent-looking memes. The detection and understanding of why a meme is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Kushal Kanwar , Dushyant Singh Chauhan , Gopendra Vikram Singh , Asif Ekbal

Cultural context profoundly shapes how people interpret online content, yet vision-language models (VLMs) remain predominantly trained through Western or English-centric lenses. This limits their fairness and cross-cultural robustness in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Mo Wang , Kaixuan Ren , Pratik Jalan , Ahmed Ashraf , Tuong Vy Vu , Rahul Seetharaman , Shah Nawaz , Usman Naseem

Hateful and offensive content detection has been extensively explored in a single modality such as text. However, such toxic information could also be communicated via multimodal content such as online memes. Therefore, detecting multimodal…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-08-16 Rui Cao , Ziqing Fan , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Wen-Haw Chong , Jing Jiang

Internet Memes remain a challenging form of user-generated content for automated sentiment classification. The availability of labelled memes is a barrier to developing sentiment classifiers of multimodal memes. To address the shortage of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Muzhaffar Hazman , Susan McKeever , Josephine Griffith

Multimodal Misinformation Detection (MMD) refers to the task of detecting social media posts involving misinformation, where the post often contains text and image modalities. However, by observing the MMD posts, we hold that the text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Bing Wang , Ximing Li , Yanjun Wang , Changchun Li , Lin Yuanbo Wu , Buyu Wang , Shengsheng Wang

Amidst the rise of Large Multimodal Models (LMMs) and their widespread application in generating and interpreting complex content, the risk of propagating biased and harmful memes remains significant. Current safety measures often fail to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xuanyu Su , Yansong Li , Diana Inkpen , Nathalie Japkowicz

Multi-modal learning has made significant advances across diverse pattern recognition applications. However, handling missing modalities, especially under imbalanced missing rates, remains a major challenge. This imbalance triggers a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Binyu Zhao , Wei Zhang , Zhaonian Zou

The inevitable modality imperfection in real-world scenarios poses significant challenges for Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (MSA). While existing methods tailor reconstruction or joint representation learning strategies to restore missing…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Hu Zhangfeng , Shi mengxin

With the rise of digital communication, memes have become a significant medium for cultural and political expression that is often used to mislead audiences. Identification of such misleading and persuasive multimodal content has become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Firoj Alam , Abul Hasnat , Fatema Ahmed , Md Arid Hasan , Maram Hasanain

Multimodal learning has demonstrated remarkable performance improvements over unimodal architectures. However, multimodal learning methods often exhibit deteriorated performances if one or more modalities are missing. This may be attributed…

Hateful memes pose a unique challenge for current machine learning systems because their message is derived from both text- and visual-modalities. To this effect, Facebook released the Hateful Memes Challenge, a dataset of memes with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Hannah Rose Kirk , Yennie Jun , Paulius Rauba , Gal Wachtel , Ruining Li , Xingjian Bai , Noah Broestl , Martin Doff-Sotta , Aleksandar Shtedritski , Yuki M. Asano