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Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han

Using effective generalization capabilities of vision language models (VLMs) in context-specific dynamic tasks for embodied artificial intelligence remains a significant challenge. Although supervised fine-tuned models can better align with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Kechen Jiao , Zhirui Fang , Jiahao Liu , Bei Li , Qifan Wang , Xinyu Liu , Junhao Ruan , Zhongjian Qiao , Yifan Zhu , Yaxin Xu , Jingang Wang , Xiu Li

By conditioning on natural language instructions, large language models (LLMs) have displayed impressive capabilities as general-purpose computers. However, task performance depends significantly on the quality of the prompt used to steer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Yongchao Zhou , Andrei Ioan Muresanu , Ziwen Han , Keiran Paster , Silviu Pitis , Harris Chan , Jimmy Ba

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

In recent years, prompt tuning has proven effective in adapting pre-trained vision-language models to downstream tasks. These methods aim to adapt the pre-trained models by introducing learnable prompts while keeping pre-trained weights…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Dongjun Lee , Seokwon Song , Jihee Suh , Joonmyung Choi , Sanghyeok Lee , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform best with well-crafted prompts, yet prompt engineering remains manual, inconsistent, and inaccessible to non-experts. We introduce Promptomatix, an automatic prompt optimization framework that transforms…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Rithesh Murthy , Ming Zhu , Liangwei Yang , Jielin Qiu , Juntao Tan , Shelby Heinecke , Caiming Xiong , Silvio Savarese , Huan Wang

The alignment of language models with human preferences is vital for their application in real-world tasks. The problem is formulated as optimizing the model's policy to maximize the expected reward that reflects human preferences with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Haozhe Ji , Cheng Lu , Yilin Niu , Pei Ke , Hongning Wang , Jun Zhu , Jie Tang , Minlie Huang

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences is crucial for safe and effective AI interactions. While popular methods like Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) have simplified alignment, they remain sensitive to data noise…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ning Yang , Hai Lin , Yibo Liu , Baoliang Tian , Guoqing Liu , Haijun Zhang

Large reasoning models have achieved remarkable performance through extended chain-of-thought sequences, yet this computational freedom leads to excessive token generation even for simple problems. We present Length-Adaptive Policy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Xingyu Wu , Yuchen Yan , Shangke Lyu , Linjuan Wu , Yiwen Qiu , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu , Jian Shao , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang

The performance of large language models (LLMs) depends on how they are prompted, with choices spanning both the high-level prompting pattern (e.g., Zero-Shot, CoT, ReAct, ReWOO) and the specific prompt content (instructions and few-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Claudio Spiess , Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel

The alignment of large language models (LLMs) with human values is critical as these models become increasingly integrated into various societal and decision-making processes. Traditional methods, such as reinforcement learning from human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Prashant Trivedi , Souradip Chakraborty , Avinash Reddy , Vaneet Aggarwal , Amrit Singh Bedi , George K. Atia

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promise as intelligent agents in interactive decision-making tasks. Traditional approaches often depend on meticulously designed prompts, high-quality examples, or additional reward models for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Muning Wen , Junwei Liao , Cheng Deng , Jun Wang , Weinan Zhang , Ying Wen

Text-to-image generation has advanced rapidly, yet aligning complex textual prompts with generated visuals remains challenging, especially with intricate object relationships and fine-grained details. This paper introduces Fast Prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Khalil Mrini , Hanlin Lu , Linjie Yang , Weilin Huang , Heng Wang

Prompt optimization improves language models without updating their weights by searching for a better system prompt, but its effectiveness varies widely across tasks. We study what makes a task amenable to prompt optimization. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhaolin Gao , Yu , Wang , Bo Liu , Thorsten Joachims , Kianté Brantley , Wen Sun

Autonomous agents are increasingly used to improve prompts, code, and machine learning systems through iterative execution and feedback. Yet existing approaches are usually designed as task-specific optimization loops rather than as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Zhanlin Liu , Yitao Li , Munirathnam Srikanth

Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled self-improving AI systems that iteratively generate, evaluate, and refine their outcomes. Recent studies show that prompt-optimization-based self-improvement can outperform state-of-the-art…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Enoch Hyunwook Kang , Hema Yoganarasimhan

How emotions are expressed depends on the context and domain. On X (formerly Twitter), for instance, an author might simply use the hashtag #anger, while in a news headline, emotions are typically written in a more polite, indirect manner.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yarik Menchaca Resendiz , Roman Klinger

Automatic prompt engineering aims to enhance the generation quality of large language models (LLMs). Recent works utilize feedbacks generated from erroneous cases to guide the prompt optimization. During inference, they may further retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Cilin Yan , Jingyun Wang , Lin Zhang , Ruihui Zhao , Xiaopu Wu , Kai Xiong , Qingsong Liu , Guoliang Kang , Yangyang Kang

Pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP have remarkably adapted to various downstream tasks. Nonetheless, their performance heavily depends on the specificity of the input text prompts, which requires skillful prompt template…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yingjun Du , Wenfang Sun , Cees G. M. Snoek

Modern alignment pipelines are increasingly replacing expensive human preference labels with evaluations from large language models (LLM-as-Judge). However, AI labels can be systematically biased compared to high-quality human feedback…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Xintao Xia , Zhiqiu Xia , Linjun Zhang , Zhanrui Cai