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The content moderation systems used by social media sites are a topic of widespread interest and research, but less is known about the use of similar systems by web search engines. For example, Google Search attempts to help its users…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Ronald E. Robertson , Evan M. Williams , Kathleen M. Carley , David Thiel

Internet search engines function in a present which changes continuously. The search engines update their indices regularly, overwriting Web pages with newer ones, adding new pages to the index, and losing older ones. Some search engines…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2009-11-19 Iina Hellsten , Loet Leydesdorff , Paul Wouters

Search engines like Google have become major sources of information for voters during election campaigns. To assess potential biases across candidates' gender and partisan identities in the algorithmic curation of candidate information, we…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Tobias Rohrbach , Mykola Makhortykh , Maryna Sydorova

Wikipedia serves as a key infrastructure for public access to scientific knowledge, but it faces challenges in maintaining the credibility of cited sources--especially when scientific papers are retracted. This paper investigates how…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Haohan Shi , Yulin Yu , Daniel M. Romero , Emőke-Ágnes Horvát

Temporal-Difference learning (TD) [Sutton, 1988] with function approximation can converge to solutions that are worse than those obtained by Monte-Carlo regression, even in the simple case of on-policy evaluation. To increase our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Hugo Penedones , Damien Vincent , Hartmut Maennel , Sylvain Gelly , Timothy Mann , Andre Barreto

The training process of large language models (LLMs) often involves varying degrees of test data contamination. Although current LLMs are achieving increasingly better performance on various benchmarks, their performance in practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Qin Zhu , Qingyuan Cheng , Runyu Peng , Xiaonan Li , Tengxiao Liu , Ru Peng , Xipeng Qiu , Xuanjing Huang

We study the integration of machine learning advice to improve upon traditional data structure designed for efficient search queries. Although there has been recent effort in improving the performance of binary search trees using machine…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Chunkai Fu , Brandon G. Nguyen , Jung Hoon Seo , Ryan Zesch , Samson Zhou

Deep learning models, particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, are widely used in time series forecasting due to their ability to capture complex temporal dependencies. However, evaluation integrity is often compromised by data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Salma Albelali , Moataz Ahmed

Google Trends reports how frequently specific queries are searched on Google over time. It is widely used in research and industry to gain early insights into public interest. However, its data generation mechanism introduces missing…

Applications · Statistics 2025-10-15 Candice Djorno , Mauricio Santillana , Shihao Yang

The internet has changed the way we live, work and take decisions. As it is the major modern resource for research, detailed data on internet usage exhibits vast amounts of behavioral information. This paper aims to answer the question…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-06-02 Christopher Bockel-Rickermann

Current search techniques are limited to standard RAG query-document applications. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to expand the code and index for predicting the required APIs, directly enabling high-quality, end-to-end code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Esakkivel Esakkiraja , Denis Akhiyarov , Aditya Shanmugham , Chitra Ganapathy

Data contamination refers to the leakage of evaluation data into model training data, resulting in overfitting to supposedly held-out test sets and compromising test validity. We identify an analogous issue, search-time contamination (STC),…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ziwen Han , Meher Mankikar , Julian Michael , Zifan Wang

The performance of Open-Domain Question Answering (ODQA) retrieval systems can exhibit sub-optimal behavior, providing text excerpts with varying degrees of irrelevance. Unfortunately, many existing ODQA datasets lack examples specifically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Rustam Abdumalikov , Pasquale Minervini , Yova Kementchedjhieva

Tool use, such as web search, has become a standard capability even in freely available large language models (LLMs). However, existing benchmarks evaluate temporal reasoning mainly in static, non-tool-using settings, which poorly reflect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Zhengxiang Wang , Zeyu Dong

Time series data appears in a variety of applications such as smart transportation and environmental monitoring. One of the fundamental problems for time series analysis is time series forecasting. Despite the success of recent deep time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Baoyu Jing , Si Zhang , Yada Zhu , Bin Peng , Kaiyu Guan , Andrew Margenot , Hanghang Tong

We present the first extensive measurement of the privacy properties of the advertising systems used by privacy-focused search engines. We propose an automated methodology to study the impact of clicking on search ads on three popular…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Salim Chouaki , Oana Goga , Hamed Haddadi , Peter Snyder

Link prediction is a fundamental problem in network science, aiming to infer potential or missing links based on observed network structures. With the increasing adoption of parameterized models, the rigor of evaluation protocols has become…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2026-04-09 Xinshan Jiao , Yuxin Luo , Yilin Bi , Tao Zhou

Search engines today present results that are often oblivious to abrupt shifts in intent. For example, the query `independence day' usually refers to a US holiday, but the intent of this query abruptly changed during the release of a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2010-07-23 Umar Syed , Aleksandrs Slivkins , Nina Mishra

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong promise as rerankers, especially in ``listwise'' settings where an LLM is prompted to rerank several search results at once. However, this ``cascading'' retrieve-and-rerank approach is limited…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Mandeep Rathee , Sean MacAvaney , Avishek Anand

With the rapid advance of the Internet, search engines (e.g., Google, Bing, Yahoo!) are used by billions of users for each day. The main function of a search engine is to locate the most relevant webpages corresponding to what the user…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-15 Xinzhi Han , Sen Lei