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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in automating the generation of Verilog hardware description language code for hardware design. This automation is critical to reducing human effort in the complex and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ping Guo , Yiting Wang , Wanghao Ye , Yexiao He , Ziyao Wang , Xiaopeng Dai , Ang Li , Qingfu Zhang

The application of large-language models (LLMs) to digital hardware code generation is an emerging field, with most LLMs primarily trained on natural language and software code. Hardware code like Verilog constitutes a small portion of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Nathaniel Pinckney , Christopher Batten , Mingjie Liu , Haoxing Ren , Brucek Khailany

Recent advances in large language models have improved code generation, but their use in hardware description languages is still limited. Moreover, training data and testbenches for these models are often scarce. This paper presents a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Mu-Chi Chen , Po-Hsuan Huang , Yu-Hung Kao , Yen-Fu Liu , Yu-Kai Hung , Cheng Liang , Shao-Chun Ho , Chia-Heng Tu , Shih-Hao Hung

Due to the growing complexity of modern Integrated Circuits (ICs), there is a need for automated circuit design methods. Recent years have seen rising research in hardware design language generation to facilitate the design process. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zehua Pei , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Yu Huang , Bei Yu

As an essential part of modern hardware design, manually writing Register Transfer Level (RTL) code such as Verilog is often labor-intensive. Following the tremendous success of large language models (LLMs), researchers have begun to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Peiyang Wu , Nan Guo , Junliang Lv , Xiao Xiao , Xiaochun Ye

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in generating Verilog code from module specifications. To improve the quality of such generated Verilog codes, previous methods require either time-consuming manual…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zhuorui Zhao , Ruidi Qiu , Ing-Chao Lin , Grace Li Zhang , Bing Li , Ulf Schlichtmann

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown significant potential for automating hardware description language (HDL) code generation from high-level natural language instructions. While fine-tuning has improved LLMs'…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yi Liu , Changran Xu , Yunhao Zhou , Zeju Li , Qiang Xu

Recently, the use of large language models (LLMs) for software code generation, e.g., C/C++ and Python, has proven a great success. However, LLMs still suffer from low syntactic and functional correctness when it comes to the generation of…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Mingzhe Gao , Jieru Zhao , Zhe Lin , Wenchao Ding , Xiaofeng Hou , Yu Feng , Chao Li , Minyi Guo

Despite limited success in large language model (LLM)-based register-transfer-level (RTL) code generation, the root causes of errors remain poorly understood. To address this, we conduct a comprehensive error analysis, finding that most…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiazheng Zhang , Cheng Liu , Long Cheng , Xiaowei Li , Huawei Li

Bug localization in Verilog code is a crucial and time-consuming task during the verification of hardware design. Since introduction, Large Language Models (LLMs) have showed their strong programming capabilities. However, no work has yet…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Bingkun Yao , Ning Wang , Jie Zhou , Xi Wang , Hong Gao , Zhe Jiang , Nan Guan

Recent years have witnessed growing interest in adopting large language models (LLMs) for Register Transfer Level (RTL) code optimization. While powerful cloud-based LLMs offer superior optimization capabilities, they pose unacceptable…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Jing Wang , Zheng Li , Lei Li , Fan He , Liyu Lin , Yao Lai , Yan Li , Xiaoyang Zeng , Yufeng Guo

Verilog's design cycle is inherently labor-intensive and necessitates extensive domain expertise. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a promising pathway toward automation, their limited training data and intrinsic sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wei-Po Hsin , Ren-Hao Deng , Yao-Ting Hsieh , En-Ming Huang , Shih-Hao Hung

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become increasingly popular for generating RTL code. However, producing error-free RTL code in a zero-shot setting remains highly challenging for even state-of-the-art LLMs, often leading to issues that…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Mubashir ul Islam , Humza Sami , Pierre-Emmanuel Gaillardon , Valerio Tenace

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in assisting with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design tasks. Nevertheless, there remains to be a significant gap in benchmarks that accurately reflect the complexity of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Ahmed Allam , Mohamed Shalan

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating software code for high-level programming languages such as Python and C++. However, their application to hardware description languages, such as Verilog,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yan Tan , Xiangchen Meng , Zijun Jiang , Yangdi Lyu

Large language models (LLMs) trained via reinforcement learning with verifiable reward (RLVR) have achieved breakthroughs on tasks with explicit, automatable verification, such as software programming and mathematical problems. Extending…

Recent advances in code generation have illuminated the potential of employing large language models (LLMs) for general-purpose programming languages such as Python and C++, opening new opportunities for automating software development and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jiahao Gai , Hao Mark Chen , Zhican Wang , Hongyu Zhou , Wanru Zhao , Nicholas Lane , Hongxiang Fan

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao

High-level synthesis (HLS) transforms an algorithmic description of hardware from a higher abstraction (e.g., C/C++) into a register-transfer level (RTL) design, offering reduced development time and greater flexibility in design space…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Xiaofeng Zhou , Linfeng Du , Guangyu Hu , Sharad Sinha , Hongce Zhang , Wei Zhang

Recent advances have demonstrated the promising capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in generating register-transfer level (RTL) code, such as Verilog. However, existing LLM-based frameworks still face significant challenges in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Jian Zuo , Junzhe Liu , Xianyong Wang , Yicheng Liu , Navya Goli , Tong Xu , Hao Zhang , Umamaheswara Rao Tida , Zhenge Jia , Mengying Zhao