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Suppressing the Trotter error in dynamical quantum simulation typically requires running deeper circuits, posing a great challenge for noisy near-term quantum devices. Studies have shown that the empirical error is usually much smaller than…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-12 Yi-Hsiang Chen

This work provides a rigorous and self-contained introduction to numerical methods for Hamiltonian simulation in quantum computing, with a focus on high-order product formulas for efficiently approximating the time evolution of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-16 Javier Lopez-Cerezo

We consider the dynamics $t\mapsto\tau_t$ of an infinite quantum lattice system that is generated by a local interaction. If the interaction decomposes into a finite number of terms that are themselves local interactions, we show that…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2022-11-30 Sven Bachmann , Markus Lange

Operator scrambling, which governs the spread of quantum information in many-body systems, is a central concept in both condensed matter and high-energy physics. Accurately capturing the emergent properties of these systems remains a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-01 Tianfeng Feng , Yue Cao , Qi Zhao

Recent work has deployed linear combinations of unitaries techniques to reduce the cost of fault-tolerant quantum simulations of correlated electron models. Here, we show that one can sometimes improve upon those results with optimized…

Although the simulation of quantum chemistry is one of the most anticipated applications of quantum computing, the scaling of known upper bounds on the complexity of these algorithms is daunting. Prior work has bounded errors due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-05 Ryan Babbush , Jarrod McClean , Dave Wecker , Alán Aspuru-Guzik , Nathan Wiebe

Quantum phase estimation requires simulating the evolution of the Hamiltonian, for which product formulas are attractive due to their smaller qubit cost and ease of implementation. However, the estimation of the error incurred by product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Kasra Hejazi , Jay Soni , Modjtaba Shokrian Zini , Juan Miguel Arrazola

In quantum computing, Trotter estimates are critical for enabling efficient simulation of quantum systems and quantum dynamics, help implement complex quantum algorithms, and provide a systematic way to control approximate errors. In this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-31 Sarah Chehade , Andrea Delgado , Shuzhou Wang , Zhenhua Wang

We derive higher-order error bounds with small prefactors for a general Trotter product formula, generalizing a result of Childs et al. [Phys. Rev. X 11, 011020 (2021)]. We then apply these bounds to the real-time quantum time evolution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-06 Ansgar Schubert , Christian B. Mendl

Efficient simulation of many-body quantum systems is central to advances in physics, chemistry, and quantum computing, with a key question being whether the simulation cost scales polynomially with the system size. In this work, we analyze…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Di Fang , Xiaoxu Wu , Avy Soffer

A multi-product formula (MPF) is a promising approach for Hamiltonian simulation efficiently both in the system size $N$ and the inverse allowable error $1/\varepsilon$ by combining Trotterization and the linear combination of unitaries…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Kaoru Mizuta

The dynamics of a quantum system can be simulated using a quantum computer by breaking down the unitary into a quantum circuit of one and two qubit gates. The most established methods are the Trotter-Suzuki decompositions, for which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-20 Earl Campbell

Quantum metrology allows for measuring properties of a quantum system at the optimal Heisenberg limit. However, when the relevant quantum states are prepared using digital Hamiltonian simulation, the accrued algorithmic errors will cause…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-28 Gumaro Rendon , Jacob Watkins , Nathan Wiebe

In analog and digital simulations of practically relevant quantum systems, the target dynamics can only be implemented approximately. The Trotter product formula is the most common approximation scheme as it is a generic method which allows…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-21 Alexander Hahn , Paul Hartung , Daniel Burgarth , Paolo Facchi , Kazuya Yuasa

Trotter approximation in conjunction with Quantum Phase Estimation can be used to extract eigen-energies of a many-body Hamiltonian on a quantum computer. There were several ways proposed to assess the quality of this approximation based on…

The accuracy of quantum dynamics simulation is usually measured by the error of the unitary evolution operator in the operator norm, which in turn depends on certain norm of the Hamiltonian. For unbounded operators, after suitable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-26 Dong An , Di Fang , Lin Lin

Hamiltonian simulation, i.e., simulating the real time evolution of a target quantum system, is a natural application of quantum computing. Trotter-Suzuki splitting methods can generate corresponding quantum circuits; however, a faithful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-21 Ayse Kotil , Rahul Banerjee , Qunsheng Huang , Christian B. Mendl

We study methods to replace entangling operations with random local operations in a quantum computation, at the cost of increasing the number of required executions. First, we consider "space-like cuts" where an entangling unitary is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-23 Aram W. Harrow , Angus Lowe

Local-operator entanglement (LOE) quantifies the nonlocal structure of Heisenberg operators and serves as a diagnostic of many-body chaos. We provide rigorous bounds showing when an operator can be well-approximated by a matrix-product…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-27 Neil Dowling

Trotter-Suzuki decompositions are frequently used in the quantum simulation of quantum chemistry. They transform the evolution operator into a form implementable on a quantum device, while incurring an error---the Trotter error. The Trotter…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-08 Andrew Tranter , Peter J. Love , Florian Mintert , Nathan Wiebe , Peter V. Coveney