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The measurement of particle correlations and fluctuations has been suggested as a method to search for the existence of a phase transition in relativistic heavy ion collisions. If quark-gluon matter is formed in the collision of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-08-13 Terence J. Tarnowsky

To reconstruct the impact parameter distributions from the selected events sample or centrality, which is defined by two-observables, at intermediate energy heavy ion collisions, we extend the approach proposed by Das \textit{et al.} [Phys.…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-09-06 Xiang Chen , Li Li , Ying Cui , Junping Yang , Zhuxia Li , Yingxun Zhang

We determine the uncorrelated modes that characterize the fluctuations in a semi-realistic model for the initial state of high-energy nuclear collisions, consisting of hot spots whose positions are distributed independently. Varying the…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-01-14 Nicolas Borghini , Hendrik Roch , Alicia Schütte

We performed systematic studies on the effects of event-by-event efficiency fluctuations on efficiency correction for cumulant analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collision experiments. Experimentally, particle efficiencies of events…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-09-11 Shu He , Xiaofeng Luo

The Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME) is a phenomenon in which electric charge is separated by a strong magnetic field from local domains of chirality imbalance and parity violation in quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The CME-sensitive observable,…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2025-11-06 Han-Sheng Li , Yicheng Feng , Fuqiang Wang

We review the phenomenology and theory of bulk observables in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions, focussing on recent developments involving event-by-event fluctuations in the initial stages of a heavy ion collision, and how they…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2014-06-03 Matthew Luzum , Hannah Petersen

The QCD critical point can be found in heavy ion collision experiments via the non-monotonic behavior of many fluctuation observables as a function of the collision energy. The event-by-event fluctuations of various particle multiplicities…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2011-03-23 Christiana Athanasiou , Krishna Rajagopal , Misha Stephanov

We propose to characterize heavy-ion collisions at ultra-relativistic energies by using fluctuations of energy density and temperature. Temperature fluctuations on an event-by-event basis have been studied both in terms of global…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2020-09-08 Sumit Basu , Rupa Chatterjee , Bastanta K. Nandi , Tapan K. Nayak

High moments of conserved quantities such as net-baryon, net-electric charge, and net-strangeness in heavy-ion collisions are sensitive to fluctuations caused by the QCD critical point (CP). The event-by-event analysis of high moments of…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2025-11-06 Xin Zhang , Yu Zhang , Xiaofeng Luo , Nu Xu

It is demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulation that in different nucleus$-$nucleus collision samples, the increase of the fluctuation of event factorial moments with decreasing phase space scale, called erraticity, is still dominated by…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-11-07 Liu Fuming , Liao Hongbo , Liu Ming , Liu Feng , Liu Lianshou

We propose a general approach to freezing out fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions using the principle of maximum entropy. We find the results naturally expressed as a direct relationship between the irreducible relative correlators…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-05-17 Maneesha Sushama Pradeep , Mikhail Stephanov

Although relativistic heavy-ion collisions have emerged as a powerful probe for studying nuclear structure, the potential influence of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations (NN-SRCs) on the initial state has remained an open question. By…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2025-12-01 Pei Li , Kai-Jia Sun , Bo Zhou , Guo-Liang Ma

Event-by-event fluctuations and correlations between particles produced in relativistic nuclear collisions are studied. The fluctuations in positive, negative, total and net charge are closely related through correlations. In the event of a…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2008-11-26 H. Heiselberg , A. D. Jackson

Event-by-event (ebe) fluctuations in mean pseudorapidity values of relativistic charged particles in full phase space is studied by analysing experimental data on $^{16}O-AgBr$ collisions at 14.5A, 60A, and 200A GeV/c and $^{32}S-AgBr$…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-05-31 Bushra Ali , Shaista Khan , Anuj Chandra , Shakeel Ahmad

The non-Gaussian fluctuations of baryon density are sensitive to the presence of the conjectured QCD critical point. Their observational consequences are crucial for the ongoing experimental search for this critical point through the beam…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-04-13 Noriyuki Sogabe , Yi Yin

Fluctuations of conserved quantities are predicted to be sensitive to the correlation length and connected to the thermodynamic susceptibility. Thus, moments of net-baryon, net-charge and net-strangeness have been extensively studied…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-11-03 Xiaofeng Luo

We derive the relation between cumulants of a conserved charge measured in a subvolume of a thermal system and the corresponding grand-canonical susceptibilities, taking into account exact global conservation of that charge. The derivation…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-11-04 Volodymyr Vovchenko , Oleh Savchuk , Roman V. Poberezhnyuk , Mark I. Gorenstein , Volker Koch

The event-by-event charge fluctuation measurements are proposed to provide the signature of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions. Measure of dynamical charge fluctuations is expected to carry information of initial fractional…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2023-12-07 Bhanu Sharma , P. K. Sahu

The search for the chiral magnetic effect (CME) has been a subject of great interest in the field of high-energy heavy-ion collision physics, and various observables have been proposed to probe the CME. Experimental observables are often…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2022-01-05 Ryan Milton , Gang Wang , Maria Sergeeva , Shuzhe Shi , Jinfeng Liao , Huan Zhong Huang

The recent appreciation of the importance of event-by-event fluctuations in relativistic heavy-ion collisions has lead to a large amount of diverse theoretical and experimental activity. In particular, there is significant interest in…

Nuclear Theory · Physics 2013-03-08 Andrew Adare , Matthew Luzum , Hannah Petersen