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A fundamental issue in deep learning has been adversarial robustness. As these systems have scaled, such issues have persisted. Currently, large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters suffer from adversarial attacks just like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Brian Formento , Chuan Sheng Foo , See-Kiong Ng

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) are increasingly deployed in open-ended environments, where ensuring reliable safety under multimodal inputs is critical. However, existing evaluations remain largely instruction-centric, focusing on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Ruofan Wang , Xingjun Ma

Diffusion Large Language Models (dLLMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to autoregressive generation by enabling parallel token prediction. However, practical dLLM decoding still suffers from high inference latency, which limits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Zhenbang Du , Kejing Xia , Xinrui Zhong , Yonggan Fu , Nicolai Oswald , Binfei Ji , Brucek Khailany , Pavlo Molchanov , Yingyan Lin

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) are promising alternatives to autoregressive large language models (AR-LLMs), as they potentially allow higher inference throughput. Reinforcement learning (RL) is a crucial component for dLLMs to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Jaemoo Choi , Petr Molodyk , Bo Yuan , Molei Tao , Yongxin Chen

Despite their superior performance on a wide range of domains, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to misuse for generating harmful content, a risk that has been further amplified by various jailbreak attacks. Existing jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yukun Jiang , Mingjie Li , Michael Backes , Yang Zhang

Safety alignment in Large Language Models (LLMs) often creates a systematic discrepancy between a model's aligned output and the underlying pre-aligned data distribution. We propose a framework in which the effect of safety alignment on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuxuan Lu , Yongkang Guo , Yuqing Kong

Autoregressive (AR) generation is the standard decoding paradigm for Large Language Models (LLMs), but its token-by-token nature limits parallelism at inference time. Diffusion Language Models (DLLMs) offer parallel decoding by recovering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Aiwei Liu , Minghua He , Shaoxun Zeng , Sijun Zhang , Linhao Zhang , Chuhan Wu , Wei Jia , Yuan Liu , Xiao Zhou , Jie Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks that exploit weaknesses in traditional safety alignment, which often relies on rigid refusal heuristics or representation engineering to block harmful outputs. While they are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuyou Zhang , Miao Li , William Han , Yihang Yao , Zhepeng Cen , Ding Zhao

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been effective for post-training autoregressive (AR) language models, but extending these methods to diffusion language models (DLMs) is challenging due to intractable sequence-level likelihoods. Existing…

Thinking mode has always been regarded as one of the most valuable modes in LLMs. However, we uncover a surprising and previously overlooked phenomenon: LLMs with thinking mode are more easily broken by Jailbreak attack. We evaluate 9 LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Fan Yang

Diffusion-based large language models (dLLMs) are trained flexibly to model extreme dependence in the data distribution; however, how to best utilize this information at inference time remains an open problem. In this work, we uncover an…

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising parallel generation paradigm but suffer from slow inference due to numerous refinement steps and the inability to use standard KV caching. We introduce CDLM (Consistency Diffusion Language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Minseo Kim , Chenfeng Xu , Coleman Hooper , Harman Singh , Ben Athiwaratkun , Ce Zhang , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) offer a promising alternative for language modeling by enabling parallel decoding through iterative refinement. However, most DLMs rely on hard binary masking and discrete token assignments, which hinder the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Linhao Zhong , Linyu Wu , Bozhen Fang , Tianjian Feng , Chenchen Jing , Wen Wang , Jiaheng Zhang , Hao Chen , Chunhua Shen

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized artificial intelligence, but their increasing deployment across critical domains has raised concerns about their abnormal behaviors when faced with malicious attacks. Such vulnerability…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Shide Zhou , Tianlin Li , Kailong Wang , Yihao Huang , Ling Shi , Yang Liu , Haoyu Wang

Discrete diffusion language models (dLLMs) provide a fast and flexible alternative to autoregressive models (ARMs) via iterative denoising with parallel updates. However, their evaluation is challenging: existing metrics conflate denoiser…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Luhan Tang , Longxuan Yu , Shaorong Zhang , Greg Ver Steeg

Extensive work has been devoted to improving the safety mechanism of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, LLMs still tend to generate harmful responses when faced with malicious instructions, a phenomenon referred to as "Jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Yanrui Du , Sendong Zhao , Ming Ma , Yuhan Chen , Bing Qin

The recent surge in jailbreaking attacks has revealed significant vulnerabilities in Large Language Models (LLMs) when exposed to malicious inputs. While various defense strategies have been proposed to mitigate these threats, there has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Tianlong Li , Zhenghua Wang , Wenhao Liu , Muling Wu , Shihan Dou , Changze Lv , Xiaohua Wang , Xiaoqing Zheng , Xuanjing Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed worldwide, yet their safety alignment remains predominantly English-centric. This allows for vulnerabilities in non-English contexts, especially with low-resource languages. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Max Zhang , Derek Liu , Kai Zhang , Joshua Franco , Haihao Liu

Diffusion models (DMs) are regarded as one of the most advanced generative models today, yet recent studies suggest that they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, which establish hidden associations between particular input patterns and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-23 Jiang Hao , Xiao Jin , Hu Xiaoguang , Chen Tianyou , Zhao Jiajia

The inherent risk of generating harmful and unsafe content by Large Language Models (LLMs), has highlighted the need for their safety alignment. Various techniques like supervised fine-tuning, reinforcement learning from human feedback, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Kalyan Nakka , Nitesh Saxena