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State-space models effectively model multivariate time series by updating over time a representation of the system state from which predictions are made. The state representation is usually a vector without any explicit structure.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Daniele Zambon , Andrea Cini , Cesare Alippi

Modern time series forecasting methods, such as Transformer and its variants, have shown strong ability in sequential data modeling. To achieve high performance, they usually rely on redundant or unexplainable structures to model complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jingyi Hou , Zhen Dong , Jiayu Zhou , Zhijie Liu

Introduction: Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) has gained significant attention in recent years. While various specialized designs exist for capturing temporal dependency, recent studies have shown that even a single linear layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Zhe Li , Shiyi Qi , Yiduo Li , Zenglin Xu

Machine learning for early syndrome diagnosis aims to solve the intricate task of predicting a ground truth label that most often is the outcome (effect) of a medical consensus definition applied to observed clinical measurements (causes),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Michael Staniek , Marius Fracarolli , Michael Hagmann , Stefan Riezler

Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) is a challenging task that has been investigated in various domains such as finance investment, health care, traffic, and weather forecasting. In recent years, Linear-based LTSF models showed better…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Seonkyu Lim , Jaehyeon Park , Seojin Kim , Hyowon Wi , Haksoo Lim , Jinsung Jeon , Jeongwhan Choi , Noseong Park

Time series forecasting has traditionally been formulated as a model-centric, static, and single-pass prediction problem that maps historical observations to future values. While this paradigm has driven substantial progress, it proves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Mingyue Cheng , Xiaoyu Tao , Qi Liu , Ze Guo , Enhong Chen

Time series forecasting, which aims to predict future values based on historical data, has garnered significant attention due to its broad range of applications. However, real-world time series often exhibit complex non-uniform distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Yanru Sun , Zongxia Xie , Emadeldeen Eldele , Dongyue Chen , Qinghua Hu , Min Wu

Time series forecasting (TSF) is an essential branch of machine learning with various applications. Most methods for TSF focus on constructing different networks to extract better information and improve performance. However, practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yanru Sun , Zongxia Xie , Haoyu Xing , Hualong Yu , Qinghua Hu

Recent studies have attempted to refine the Transformer architecture to demonstrate its effectiveness in Long-Term Time Series Forecasting (LTSF) tasks. Despite surpassing many linear forecasting models with ever-improving performance, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Peiwang Tang , Weitai Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have been introduced to time series forecasting (TSF) to incorporate contextual knowledge beyond numerical signals. However, existing studies question whether LLMs provide genuine benefits, often reporting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xin Qiu , Junlong Tong , Yirong Sun , Yunpu Ma , Wei Zhang , Xiaoyu Shen

Time series forecasting (TSF) holds significant importance in modern society, spanning numerous domains. Previous representation learning-based TSF algorithms typically embrace a contrastive learning paradigm featuring segregated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Jiaxin Gao , Yuxiao Hu , Qinglong Cao , Siqi Dai , Yuntian Chen

We introduce a new version of deep state-space models (DSSMs) that combines a recurrent neural network with a state-space framework to forecast time series data. The model estimates the observed series as functions of latent variables that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-20 Haoxuan Wu , David S. Matteson , Martin T. Wells

Latent representations are critical for the performance and robustness of machine learning models, as they encode the essential features of data in a compact and informative manner. However, in vision tasks, these representations are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Bruno Corcuera , Carlos Eiras-Franco , Brais Cancela

Long-term time-series forecasting (LTTF) has become a pressing demand in many applications, such as wind power supply planning. Transformer models have been adopted to deliver high prediction capacity because of the high computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Yan Li , Xinjiang Lu , Haoyi Xiong , Jian Tang , Jiantao Su , Bo Jin , Dejing Dou

Time-series forecasting is a critical challenge in various domains and has witnessed substantial progress in recent years. Many real-life scenarios, such as public health, economics, and social applications, involve feedback loops where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Zhiyuan Zhao , Haoxin Liu , Alexander Rodriguez , B. Aditya Prakash

Long-term time series forecasting (LTSF) is widely recognized as a central challenge in data mining and machine learning. LTSF has increasingly evolved into a benchmark-driven ''GAME,'' where models are ranked, compared, and declared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Thanapol Phungtua-eng , Yoshitaka Yamamoto

Time series forecasting is a critical task in various domains, where accurate predictions can drive informed decision-making. Traditional forecasting methods often rely on current observations of variables to predict future outcomes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Wentao Gao , Xiaojing Du , Wenjun Yu , Xiongren Chen , Yifan Guo , Feiyu Yang

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Despite the notable advancements in numerous Transformer-based models, the task of long multi-horizon time series forecasting remains a persistent challenge, especially towards explainability. Focusing on commonly used saliency maps in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Nghia Duong-Trung , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Danh Le-Phuoc

Current methods for time series forecasting struggle in the online scenario, since it is difficult to preserve long-term dependency while adapting short-term changes when data are arriving sequentially. Although some recent methods solve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Ruichu Cai , Haiqin Huang , Zhifang Jiang , Zijian Li , Changze Zhou , Yuequn Liu , Yuming Liu , Zhifeng Hao