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LLMs are seeing growing use for applications which require large context windows, and with these large context windows KV cache activations surface as the dominant contributor to memory consumption during inference. Quantization is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Coleman Hooper , Sehoon Kim , Hiva Mohammadzadeh , Michael W. Mahoney , Yakun Sophia Shao , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

Modern large language models (LLMs) drive interactive AI systems but are bottlenecked by the memory-heavy growth of key-value (KV) caches, which limits real-time throughput under concurrent loads. Existing KV-cache compression methods rely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Joseph Kampeas , Emir Haleva

Generative large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized multiple domains. Modern LLMs predominantly rely on an autoregressive decoding strategy, which generates output tokens sequentially and employs a key-value cache (KV cache) to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Ye Yu , Yifan Zhou , Yi Chen , Pedro Soto , Wenjie Xiong , Meng Li

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential across a wide range of practical applications. However, long-context inference remains a significant challenge due to the substantial memory requirements…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Xubin He , Sheng Di , Sian Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have shown immense potential across various domains, but their high memory requirements and inference costs remain critical challenges for deployment. Post-training quantization (PTQ) has emerged as a promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianyi Zhang , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) like GPT and LLaMA are revolutionizing the AI industry with their sophisticated capabilities. Training these models requires vast GPU clusters and significant computing time, posing major challenges in terms of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jiangfei Duan , Shuo Zhang , Zerui Wang , Lijuan Jiang , Wenwen Qu , Qinghao Hu , Guoteng Wang , Qizhen Weng , Hang Yan , Xingcheng Zhang , Xipeng Qiu , Dahua Lin , Yonggang Wen , Xin Jin , Tianwei Zhang , Peng Sun

Closed large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 have set state-of-the-art results across a number of NLP tasks and have become central to NLP and machine learning (ML)-driven solutions. Closed LLMs' performance and wide adoption has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Kezia Oketch , John P. Lalor , Yi Yang , Ahmed Abbasi

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used but expensive to run, especially as inference workloads grow. To lower costs, maximizing the request batch size by managing GPU memory efficiently is crucial. While PagedAttention has recently…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Chen Zhang , Kuntai Du , Shu Liu , Woosuk Kwon , Xiangxi Mo , Yufeng Wang , Xiaoxuan Liu , Kaichao You , Zhuohan Li , Mingsheng Long , Jidong Zhai , Joseph Gonzalez , Ion Stoica

Processing long-context inputs with large language models presents a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the Key-Value (KV) cache during inference. Existing KV cache compression methods exhibit noticeable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Dongquan Yang , Yifan Yang , Xiaotian Yu , Xianbiao Qi , Rong Xiao

Recent advances in text-based large language models (LLMs), particularly in the GPT series and the o1 model, have demonstrated the effectiveness of scaling both training-time and inference-time compute. However, current state-of-the-art TTS…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Zhen Ye , Xinfa Zhu , Chi-Min Chan , Xinsheng Wang , Xu Tan , Jiahe Lei , Yi Peng , Haohe Liu , Yizhu Jin , Zheqi Dai , Hongzhan Lin , Jianyi Chen , Xingjian Du , Liumeng Xue , Yunlin Chen , Zhifei Li , Lei Xie , Qiuqiang Kong , Yike Guo , Wei Xue

In non-clairvoyant scheduling, the goal is to minimize the total job completion time without prior knowledge of individual job processing times. This classical online optimization problem has recently gained attention through the framework…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziyad Benomar , Romain Cosson , Alexander Lindermayr , Jens Schlöter

As the context length of current large language models (LLMs) rapidly increases, the memory demand for the Key-Value (KV) cache is becoming a bottleneck for LLM deployment and batch processing. Traditional KV cache compression methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Aomufei Yuan , Zhiming Wang , Ruijie Miao , Dayu Wang , Yuxuan Tian , Zihan Wang , Yebo Peng , Yuhan Wu , Bairen Yi , Xin Liu , Tong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional performance across diverse natural language processing tasks. However, as the model size and the input sequence's length increase, the linearly increasing key-value (KV) cache…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Qingyun Jin , Xiaohui Song , Feng Zhou , Zengchang Qin

The quadratic cost of attention limits the scalability of long-context LLMs, especially under limited hardware memory budgets. While attention is often sparse, existing static sparse methods cannot adapt to task- or input-dependent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Siheng Xiong , Joe Zou , Faramarz Fekri , Yae Jee Cho

Stochastic sampling strategies are widely adopted in large language models (LLMs) to balance output coherence and diversity. These heuristics are often inherited in Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) without task-specific justification. However, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Boqi Chen , Xudong Liu , Yunke Ao , Jianing Qiu

Traditional similarity-based schema matching methods are incapable of resolving semantic ambiguities and conflicts in domain-specific complex mapping scenarios due to missing commonsense and domain-specific knowledge. The hallucination…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Chuangtao Ma , Sriom Chakrabarti , Arijit Khan , Bálint Molnár

KV cache pruning has emerged as a promising technique for reducing memory and computation costs in long-context auto-regressive generation. Existing methods for vision-language models (VLMs) typically rely on self-attention scores from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Xiaohuan Pei , Tao Huang , Chang Xu

Quantization is an essential and popular technique for improving the accessibility of large language models (LLMs) by reducing memory usage and computational costs while maintaining performance. In this study, we apply 4-bit Group Scaling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Sahil Sk , Debasish Dhal , Sonal Khosla , Sk Shahid , Sambit Shekhar , Akash Dhaka , Shantipriya Parida , Dilip K. Prasad , Ondřej Bojar

KV cache quantization can improve Large Language Models (LLMs) inference throughput and latency in long contexts and large batch-size scenarios while preserving LLMs effectiveness. However, current methods have three unsolved issues:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Xing Li , Zeyu Xing , Yiming Li , Linping Qu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Wulong Liu , Yiwu Yao , Sinno Jialin Pan , Mingxuan Yuan

Long-context LLM serving is bottlenecked by the cost of attending over ever-growing KV caches. Dynamic sparse attention promises relief by accessing only a small, query-dependent subset of the KV state per decoding step and extending the KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Zihan Zhao , Baotong Lu , Shengjie Lin , Yizou Chen , Jing Liu , Yanqi Zhang , Ziming Miao , Ming-Chang Yang , Haiying Shen , Qi Chen , Fan Yang