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Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized a wide range of domains such as natural language processing, computer vision, and multi-modal tasks due to their ability to comprehend context and perform logical reasoning. However, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Haoyang Li , Yiming Li , Anxin Tian , Tianhao Tang , Zhanchao Xu , Xuejia Chen , Nicole Hu , Wei Dong , Qing Li , Lei Chen

Key-value (KV) cache memory management is the primary bottleneck limiting throughput and cost-efficiency in large-scale GPU inference serving. Current systems suffer from three compounding inefficiencies: (1) the absence of unified KV cache…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Sanjeev Rao Ganjihal

Key-value (KV) caching has become the de-facto to accelerate generation speed for large language models (LLMs) inference. However, the growing cache demand with increasing sequence length has transformed LLM inference to be a memory bound…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Hao Kang , Qingru Zhang , Souvik Kundu , Geonhwa Jeong , Zaoxing Liu , Tushar Krishna , Tuo Zhao

The key-value (KV) cache is a foundational optimization in Transformer-based large language models (LLMs), eliminating redundant recomputation of past token representations during autoregressive generation. However, its memory footprint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yichun Xu , Navjot K. Khaira , Tejinder Singh

Large language models (LLMs) with extended context windows have become increasingly prevalent for tackling complex tasks. However, the substantial Key-Value (KV) cache required for long-context LLMs poses significant deployment challenges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Jie Hu , Shengnan Wang , Yutong He , Ping Gong , Jiawei Yi , Juncheng Zhang , Youhui Bai , Renhai Chen , Gong Zhang , Cheng Li , Kun Yuan

Large Language Models (LLMs) face limitations due to the high demand on GPU memory and computational resources when handling long contexts. While sparsify the Key-Value (KV) cache of transformer model is a typical strategy to alleviate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yumeng Wang , Zhenyang Xiao

Attention mechanisms underpin the success of large language models (LLMs), yet their substantial computational and memory overhead poses challenges for optimizing efficiency and performance. A critical bottleneck arises as KV cache and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Jiwen Jiang , Xinjian Wu , Haifeng Zhang , Lei Chen , Lionel Ni , Jun Wang

Incorporating external knowledge in large language models (LLMs) enhances their utility across diverse applications, but existing methods have trade-offs. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) fetches evidence via similarity search, but key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Giulio Corallo , Orion Weller , Fabio Petroni , Paolo Papotti

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to handle massive concurrent traffic, optimizing the infrastructure required for inference has become a primary challenge. To manage the high cost of GPU resources while ensuring strict service-level…

Large Language Models(LLMs) have had a profound impact on AI applications, particularly in the domains of long-text comprehension and generation. KV Cache technology is one of the most widely used techniques in the industry. It ensures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Qiaozhi He , Zhihua Wu

We study the problem of preemptively scheduling jobs online over time on a single machine to minimize the total flow time. In the traditional clairvoyant scheduling model, the scheduler learns about the processing time of a job at its…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Alexander Lindermayr , Jens Schlöter

AI agents execute tens to hundreds of chained LLM calls per task, yet GPU schedulers treat each call as independent, discarding gigabytes of intermediate state between steps and inflating end-to-end latency by 3-8x. We argue that this…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

Online algorithm has been an emerging area of interest for researchers in various domains of computer science. The online $m$-machine list scheduling problem introduced by Graham has gained theoretical as well as practical significance in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Rakesh Mohanty , Debasis Dwibedy , Shreeya Swagatika Sahoo

Large Language models (LLMs) have become a research hotspot. To accelerate the inference of LLMs, storing computed caches in memory has become the standard technique. However, as the inference length increases, growing KV caches might lead…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Meizhi Zhong , Xikai Liu , Chen Zhang , Yikun Lei , Yan Gao , Yao Hu , Kehai Chen , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) can now handle longer sequences of tokens, enabling complex tasks like book understanding and generating lengthy novels. However, the key-value (KV) cache required for LLMs consumes substantial memory as context…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Haojie Duanmu , Zhihang Yuan , Xiuhong Li , Jiangfei Duan , Xingcheng Zhang , Dahua Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely deployed in a variety of applications, and the context length is rapidly increasing to handle tasks such as long-document QA and complex logical reasoning. However, long context poses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Jieru Zhao , Chenqi Zhang , Minyi Guo

Large language models (LLMs) are widely deployed with rapidly expanding context windows to support increasingly demanding applications. However, long contexts pose significant deployment challenges, primarily due to the KV cache whose size…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Guangda Liu , Chengwei Li , Zhenyu Ning , Jing Lin , Yiwu Yao , Danning Ke , Minyi Guo , Jieru Zhao

The machine learning community has witnessed impressive advancements since large language models (LLMs) first appeared. Yet, their massive memory consumption has become a significant roadblock to large-scale training. For instance, a 7B…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Rui Pan , Xiang Liu , Shizhe Diao , Renjie Pi , Jipeng Zhang , Chi Han , Tong Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of natural language processing, achieving unprecedented performance across a variety of applications. However, their increased computational and memory demands present significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yuhui Xu , Zhanming Jie , Hanze Dong , Lei Wang , Xudong Lu , Aojun Zhou , Amrita Saha , Caiming Xiong , Doyen Sahoo

Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun