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The reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have significantly advanced their performance by enabling in-depth understanding of diverse tasks. With growing interest in applying LLMs to the time series domain, this has proven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiahui Zhou , Dan Li , Lin Li , Zhuomin Chen , Shunyu Wu , Haozheng Ye , Jian Lou , Costas J. Spanos

Large language models have achieved substantial progress in mathematical reasoning, yet their advancement is limited by the scarcity of high-quality, high-difficulty training data. Existing synthesis methods largely rely on transforming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Shaoxiong Zhan , Yanlin Lai , Ziyu Lu , Dahua Lin , Ziqing Yang , Fei Tan

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) refers to approaches that improve reasoning performance by allocating extra computation during inference, without altering the model's parameters. While existing TTS methods operate in a discrete token space by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yige Xu , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Chunyan Miao

Test-time adaptation offers a promising avenue for improving reasoning performance in large language models without additional supervision, but existing approaches often apply a uniform optimization objective across all inputs, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Mohammad Mahdi Moradi , Sudhir Mudur

One paradigm of language model (LM) fine-tuning relies on creating large training datasets, under the assumption that high quantity and diversity will enable models to generalize to novel tasks after post-training. In practice, gathering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Emre Can Acikgoz , Cheng Qian , Heng Ji , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur

Large language models are being rapidly deployed across many fields such as healthcare, finance, transportation, and energy, where time-series data are fundamental components. The current works are still limited in their ability to perform…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Paul Quinlan , Qingguo Li , Xiaodan Zhu

Test-time scaling (TTS) has emerged as a new frontier for scaling the performance of Large Language Models. In test-time scaling, by using more computational resources during inference, LLMs can improve their reasoning process and task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 V Venktesh , Mandeep Rathee , Avishek Anand

Self-training approach for large language models (LLMs) improves reasoning abilities by training the models on their self-generated rationales. Previous approaches have labeled rationales that produce correct answers for a given question as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Jaehyeok Lee , Keisuke Sakaguchi , JinYeong Bak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in complex reasoning tasks through both post-training and test-time scaling laws. While prevalent test-time scaling approaches are often realized by using external reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fuxiang Zhang , Jiacheng Xu , Chaojie Wang , Ce Cui , Yang Liu , Bo An

Scaling large language models (LLMs) has driven significant advancements, yet it faces diminishing returns and escalating energy demands. This work explores how test-time compute (TTC) can serve as an energy-efficient complement to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yunho Jin , Gu-Yeon Wei , David Brooks

Large language models (LLMs) often generate self-contradictory outputs, which severely impacts their reliability and hinders their adoption in practical applications. In video-language models (Video-LLMs), this phenomenon recently draws the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chengzhi Li , Heyan Huang , Ping Jian , Zhen Yang , Yaning Tian , Zhongbin Guo

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) is a promising approach to progressively elicit the model's intelligence during inference. Recently, training-based TTS methods, such as continued reinforcement learning (RL), have further surged in popularity, while…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Kaiyan Chang , Yonghao Shi , Chenglong Wang , Hang Zhou , Chi Hu , Xiaoqian Liu , Yingfeng Luo , Yuan Ge , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Test-time training (TTT) has recently emerged as a promising method to improve the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), in which the model directly learns from test data without access to labels. However, this reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vanshaj Khattar , Md Rafi ur Rashid , Moumita Choudhury , Jing Liu , Toshiaki Koike-Akino , Ming Jin , Ye Wang

Fact-checking real-world claims, particularly numerical claims, is inherently complex that require multistep reasoning and numerical reasoning for verifying diverse aspects of the claim. Although large language models (LLMs) including…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Primakov Chungkham , V Venktesh , Vinay Setty , Avishek Anand

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant potential in complex reasoning tasks like mathematical problem-solving. However, existing research predominantly relies on reinforcement learning (RL) frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 ShaoZhen Liu , Xinting Huang , Houwen Peng , Xin Chen , Xinyang Song , Qi Li , Zhenan Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional versatility in natural language processing, prompting recent efforts to extend their multimodal capabilities to speech processing through the development of audio large language models…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Ting Dang , Yan Gao , Hong Jia

We introduce Learning to Self-Evolve (LSE), a reinforcement learning framework that trains large language models (LLMs) to improve their own contexts at test time. We situate LSE in the setting of test-time self-evolution, where a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xiaoyin Chen , Canwen Xu , Yite Wang , Boyi Liu , Zhewei Yao , Yuxiong He

Test-time scaling has emerged as a promising paradigm in language modeling, leveraging additional computational resources at inference time to enhance model performance. In this work, we introduce R2-LLMs, a novel and versatile hierarchical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Alex ZH Dou , Zhongwei Wan , Dongfei Cui , Xin Wang , Jing Xiong , Haokun Lin , Chaofan Tao , Shen Yan , Mi Zhang

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in Contextual Question Answering (CQA). However, prior approaches typically employ elaborate reasoning strategies regardless of question complexity,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zhengyi Zhao , Shubo Zhang , Zezhong Wang , Huimin Wang , Yutian Zhao , Bin Liang , Yefeng Zheng , Binyang Li , Kam-Fai Wong , Xian Wu

Large language models (LLMs) often make reasoning errors when solving mathematical problems, and how to automatically detect and correct these errors has become an important research direction. However, existing approaches \textit{mainly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Biaojie Zeng , Min Zhang , Juan Zhou , Fengrui Liu , Ruiyang Huang , Xin Lin