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Reasoning-capable large language models (LLMs) have recently been adopted as automated judges, but their benefits and costs in LLM-as-a-Judge settings remain unclear. Through controlled comparisons between reasoning and non-reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenbo Zhang , Lijinghua Zhang , Liner Xiang , Hengrui Cai

Nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) is typically restricted to short, finite horizons to limit the computational burden of online optimization. As a result, global planning frameworks are frequently necessary to avoid local minima…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Adam Polevoy , Mark Gonzales , Marin Kobilarov , Joseph Moore

While LLMs have seen substantial improvement in reasoning capabilities, they also sometimes overthink, generating unnecessary reasoning steps, particularly under uncertainty, given ill-posed or ambiguous queries. We introduce statistically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yangxinyu Xie , Tao Wang , Soham Mallick , Yan Sun , Georgy Noarov , Mengxin Yu , Tanwi Mallick , Weijie J. Su , Edgar Dobriban

Data annotation often involves multiple sources with different cost-quality trade-offs, such as fast large language models (LLMs), slow reasoning models, and human experts. In this work, we study the problem of routing inputs to the most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hao Zeng , Huipeng Huang , Xinhao Qu , Jianguo Huang , Bingyi Jing , Hongxin Wei

Chain-of-thought explanations are widely used to inspect the decision process of large language models (LLMs) and to evaluate the trustworthiness of model outputs, making them important for effective collaboration between LLMs and humans.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Pedro Ferreira , Wilker Aziz , Ivan Titov

Recent advancements in large reasoning models (LRMs) have significantly enhanced language models' capabilities in complex problem-solving by emulating human-like deliberative thinking. However, these models often exhibit overthinking (i.e.,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Weixiang Zhao , Jiahe Guo , Yang Deng , Xingyu Sui , Yulin Hu , Yanyan Zhao , Wanxiang Che , Bing Qin , Tat-Seng Chua , Ting Liu

Recent efforts to improve the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have focused on integrating formal logic solvers within neurosymbolic frameworks. A key challenge is that formal solvers lack commonsense world knowledge,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Joseph Cotnareanu , Chiara Roverato , Han Zhou , Didier Chetelat , Yingxue Zhang , Mark Coates

Recent advances in test-time scaling suggest that Large Language Models (LLMs) can gain better capabilities by generating Chain-of-Thought reasoning (analogous to human thinking) to respond a given request, and meanwhile exploring more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuhang Wang , Youhe Jiang , Bin Cui , Fangcheng Fu

The inherent capabilities of a language model (LM) and the reasoning strategies it employs jointly determine its performance in reasoning tasks. While test-time scaling is regarded as an effective approach to tackling complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhihong Pan , Kai Zhang , Yuze Zhao , Yupeng Han

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities, yet they often suffer from overthinking, expending redundant computational steps on simple problems, or underthinking, failing to explore sufficient reasoning paths…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yulin Li , Tengyao Tu , Li Ding , Junjie Wang , Huiling Zhen , Yixin Chen , Yong Li , Zhuotao Tian

Reasoning large language models (LLMs) heavily rely on scaling test-time compute to perform complex reasoning tasks by generating extensive "thinking" chains. While demonstrating impressive results, this approach incurs significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Michael Hassid , Gabriel Synnaeve , Yossi Adi , Roy Schwartz

External test-time reasoning enhances large language models (LLMs) by decoupling generation and selection. At inference time, the model generates multiple reasoning paths, and an auxiliary process reward model (PRM) is used to score and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Zeen Song , Wenwen Qiang , Siyu Zhao , Changwen Zheng , Gang Hua

There has been growing progress on theoretical analyses for provably efficient learning in MDPs with linear function approximation, but much of the existing work has made strong assumptions to enable exploration by conventional exploration…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Andrea Zanette , Alessandro Lazaric , Mykel J. Kochenderfer , Emma Brunskill

Test-time compute has emerged as a powerful paradigm for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs), where generating multiple outputs or refining individual chains can significantly boost answer accuracy. However, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Sheng Liu , Tianlang Chen , Pan Lu , Haotian Ye , Yizheng Chen , Lei Xing , James Zou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently improved mathematical reasoning through Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR). However, existing RLVR algorithms require large query budgets, making annotation costly. We investigate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Hao Yi , Yulan Hu , Xin Li , Sheng Ouyang , Lizhong Ding , Yong Liu

Mathematical reasoning is a fundamental capability for large language models (LLMs), yet achieving high performance in this domain remains a significant challenge. The auto-regressive generation process often makes LLMs susceptible to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Xiaoxuan Lou , Chaojie Wang , Bo An

Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently achieved significant progress in complex reasoning tasks, aided by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards. However, LRMs often suffer from overthinking, expending excessive computation on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chuhuai Yue , Chengqi Dong , Yinan Gao , Hang He , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have achieved tremendous success with their chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, yet also face safety issues similar to those of basic language models. In particular, while algorithms are designed to guide them to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zeming Wei , Qiaosheng Zhang , Xia Hu , Xingcheng Xu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon for solving complex reasoning tasks in domains such as mathematics, logic, and multi-step question answering. A growing line of work seeks to improve reasoning quality by scaling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Seyyed Saeid Cheshmi , Azal Ahmad Khan , Xinran Wang , Zirui Liu , Ali Anwar

Best-of-n sampling improves the accuracy of large language models (LLMs) and large reasoning models (LRMs) by generating multiple candidate solutions and selecting the one with the highest reward. The key challenge for reasoning tasks is…