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The use of black-box optimization for the design of new biological sequences is an emerging research area with potentially revolutionary impact. The cost and latency of wet-lab experiments requires methods that find good sequences in few…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Christof Angermueller , David Belanger , Andreea Gane , Zelda Mariet , David Dohan , Kevin Murphy , Lucy Colwell , D Sculley

Many real-world scientific and industrial applications require the optimization of expensive black-box functions. Bayesian Optimization (BO) provides an effective framework for such problems. However, traditional BO methods are prone to get…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhuo Yang , Daolang Wang , Lingli Ge , Beilun Wang , Tianfan Fu , Yuqiang Li

Meta-Black-Box Optimization (MetaBBO) is an emerging avenue within Optimization community, where algorithm design policy could be meta-learned by reinforcement learning to enhance optimization performance. So far, the reward functions in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zechuan Huang , Zhiguang Cao , Hongshu Guo , Yue-Jiao Gong , Zeyuan Ma

The goal of personalized medicine is to discover a treatment regimen that optimizes a patient's clinical outcome based on their personal genetic and environmental factors. However, candidate treatments cannot be arbitrarily administered to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Michael S. Yao , Osbert Bastani , Alma Andersson , Tommaso Biancalani , Aïcha Bentaieb , Claudia Iriondo

The performance of large language models (LLMs) depends on how they are prompted, with choices spanning both the high-level prompting pattern (e.g., Zero-Shot, CoT, ReAct, ReWOO) and the specific prompt content (instructions and few-shot…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Claudio Spiess , Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Martin Hirzel

In this survey, we introduce Meta-Black-Box-Optimization~(MetaBBO) as an emerging avenue within the Evolutionary Computation~(EC) community, which incorporates Meta-learning approaches to assist automated algorithm design. Despite the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Zeyuan Ma , Hongshu Guo , Yue-Jiao Gong , Jun Zhang , Kay Chen Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently empowered agentic frameworks to exhibit advanced reasoning and planning capabilities. However, their integration in robotic control pipelines remains limited in two aspects: (1) prior…

We study offline black-box optimization (BBO), aiming to discover improved designs from an offline dataset of designs and labels, a problem common in robotics, DNA, and materials science with limited labeled samples. While recent work…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zipeng Sun , Can Chen , Ye Yuan , Haolun Wu , Jiayao Gu , Christopher Pal , Xue Liu

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful black-box optimization framework that looks to efficiently learn the global optimum of an unknown system by systematically trading-off between exploration and exploitation. However, the use of BO as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-03-28 Dinesh Krishnamoorthy , Joel A. Paulson

Advances in large language models (LLMs) have recently opened new and promising avenues for small-molecule drug discovery. Yet existing LLM-based approaches for molecular generation often suffer from high rates of invalid and low-quality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Andrew Y. Zhou , Sharvaree Vadgama , Sumanth Varambally , Peter Eckmann , Michael K. Gilson , Rose Yu

Analog circuit design requires substantial human expertise and involvement, which is a significant roadblock to design productivity. Bayesian Optimization (BO), a popular machine learning based optimization strategy, has been leveraged to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Yuxuan Yin , Yu Wang , Boxun Xu , Peng Li

Large language models (LLMs) have large potential for molecular optimization, as they can gather external chemistry tools and enable collaborative interactions to iteratively refine molecular candidates. However, this potential remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Hyomin Kim , Yunhui Jang , Sungsoo Ahn

Bayesian optimization (BO) is a powerful class of algorithms for optimizing expensive black-box functions, but designing effective BO algorithms remains a manual, expertise-driven task. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Wenhu Li , Niki van Stein , Thomas Bäck , Elena Raponi

Large language models (LLMs) excel at solving complex tasks by executing agentic workflows composed of detailed instructions and structured operations. Yet, building general-purpose agents by manually embedding foundation models into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Chia-Tung Ho , Jing Gong , Xufeng Yao , Yunsheng Bai , Abhishek B Akkur , Haoxing Ren

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate code from natural language, but their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. We propose a reinforcement-learning-based framework that models prompt refinement as a sequential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Ali Mohammadi Esfahani , Nafiseh Kahani , Samuel A. Ajila

Goal-oriented de novo molecule design, namely generating molecules with specific property or substructure constraints, is a crucial yet challenging task in drug discovery. Existing methods, such as Bayesian optimization and reinforcement…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Chuanliu Fan , Ziqiang Cao , Zicheng Ma , Nan Yu , Yimin Peng , Jun Zhang , Yiqin Gao , Guohong Fu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in natural language tasks requiring complex reasoning, yet their application in agentic, multi-step reasoning within interactive environments remains a difficult challenge.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Pranav Putta , Edmund Mills , Naman Garg , Sumeet Motwani , Chelsea Finn , Divyansh Garg , Rafael Rafailov

In this paper, we present NEMO, a system that translates Natural-language descriptions of decision problems into formal Executable Mathematical Optimization implementations, operating collaboratively with users or autonomously. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Yang Song , Anoushka Vyas , Zirui Wei , Sina Khoshfetrat Pakazad , Henrik Ohlsson , Graham Neubig

The optimal assignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) to specialized roles in multi-agent systems is a significant challenge, defined by a vast combinatorial search space, expensive black-box evaluations, and an inherent trade-off between…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Antonio Sabbatella

Prompt optimization has become a practical way to improve the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without retraining. However, most existing frameworks treat evaluation as a black box, relying solely on outcome scores without…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Wonduk Seo , Juhyeon Lee , Junseo Koh , Wonseok Choi , Hyunjin An , Jian Park , Seunghyun lee , Haihua Chen , Yi Bu