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We propose a simple and efficient method for ranking features in multi-label classification. The method produces a ranking of features showing their relevance in predicting labels, which in turn allows to choose a final subset of features.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-25 Paweł Teisseyre

Extreme classification tasks are multi-label tasks with an extremely large number of labels (tags). These tasks are hard because the label space is usually (i) very large, e.g. thousands or millions of labels, (ii) very sparse, i.e. very…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Elham J. Barezi , Iacer Calixto , Kyunghyun Cho , Pascale Fung

In unsupervised ensemble learning, one obtains predictions from multiple sources or classifiers, yet without knowing the reliability and expertise of each source, and with no labeled data to assess it. The task is to combine these possibly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-02-24 Ariel Jaffe , Ethan Fetaya , Boaz Nadler , Tingting Jiang , Yuval Kluger

Large Language Models, despite their power, have a fundamental architectural vulnerability stemming from their causal transformer design -- order sensitivity. This architectural constraint may distorts classification outcomes when prompt…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Linzhuo li

We propose a simple approach which combines the strengths of probabilistic graphical models and deep learning architectures for solving the multi-label classification task, focusing specifically on image and video data. First, we show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Shivvrat Arya , Yu Xiang , Vibhav Gogate

Available works addressing multi-label classification in a data stream environment focus on proposing accurate models; however, these models often exhibit inefficiency and cannot balance effectiveness and efficiency. In this work, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Sepehr Bakhshi , Fazli Can

In many supervised learning tasks, the entities to be labeled are related to each other in complex ways and their labels are not independent. For example, in hypertext classification, the labels of linked pages are highly correlated. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-01-07 Ben Taskar , Pieter Abbeel , Daphne Koller

The "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm, using Large Language Models (LLMs) as automated evaluators, is pivotal to LLM development, offering scalable feedback for complex tasks. However, the reliability of these judges is compromised by various…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Qingquan Li , Shaoyu Dou , Kailai Shao , Chao Chen , Haixiang Hu

In Multi-Label Text Classification (MLTC), one sample can belong to more than one class. It is observed that most MLTC tasks, there are dependencies or correlations among labels. Existing methods tend to ignore the relationship among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-27 Ankit Pal , Muru Selvakumar , Malaikannan Sankarasubbu

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

In this work we consider the task of relaxing the i.i.d assumption in pattern recognition (or classification), aiming to make existing learning algorithms applicable to a wider range of tasks. Pattern recognition is guessing a discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-02-28 Daniil Ryabko

In multi-label learning, a particular case of multi-task learning where a single data point is associated with multiple target labels, it was widely assumed in the literature that, to obtain best accuracy, the dependence among the labels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Jesse Read

Disagreement in annotation is a common phenomenon in the development of NLP datasets and serves as a valuable source of insight. While majority voting remains the dominant strategy for aggregating labels, recent work has explored modeling…

Subjective NLP tasks usually rely on human annotations provided by multiple annotators, whose judgments may vary due to their diverse backgrounds and life experiences. Traditional methods often aggregate multiple annotations into a single…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Benedetta Muscato , Praveen Bushipaka , Gizem Gezici , Lucia Passaro , Fosca Giannotti

Ensemble learning improves classification performance by combining multiple base classifiers. While increasing the number of classifiers generally enhances accuracy, excessively large ensembles can lead to computational inefficiency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Enes Bektas , Fazli Can

Label distribution learning (LDL) is an effective method to predict the label description degree (a.k.a. label distribution) of a sample. However, annotating label distribution (LD) for training samples is extremely costly. So recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yuheng Jia , Jiawei Tang , Jiahao Jiang

Recent joint multiple intent detection and slot filling models employ label embeddings to achieve the semantics-label interactions. However, they treat all labels and label embeddings as uncorrelated individuals, ignoring the dependencies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Bowen Xing , Ivor W. Tsang

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in image quality assessment (IQA) tasks. However, adapting such large-scale models is computationally expensive and still relies on substantial Mean…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xinyue Li , Zhichao Zhang , Zhiming Xu , Shubo Xu , Xiongkuo Min , Yitong Chen , Guangtao Zhai

Multi-label classification is the task of assigning a subset of labels to a given query instance. For evaluating such predictions, the set of predicted labels needs to be compared to the ground-truth label set associated with that instance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Eyke Hüllermeier , Marcel Wever , Eneldo Loza Mencia , Johannes Fürnkranz , Michael Rapp

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as raters for evaluation tasks. However, their reliability is often limited for subjective tasks, when human judgments involve subtle reasoning beyond annotation labels. Thinking traces,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Xingjian Zhang , Tianhong Gao , Suliang Jin , Tianhao Wang , Teng Ye , Eytan Adar , Qiaozhu Mei