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We propose a generative model of paraphrase generation, that encourages syntactic diversity by conditioning on an explicit syntactic sketch. We introduce Hierarchical Refinement Quantized Variational Autoencoders (HRQ-VAE), a method for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Tom Hosking , Hao Tang , Mirella Lapata

Vector quantization (VQ) is a key component in discrete tokenizers for image generation, but its training is often unstable due to straight-through estimation bias, one-step-behind updates, and sparse codebook gradients, which lead to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Yifan Chang , Jie Qin , Limeng Qiao , Xiaofeng Wang , Zheng Zhu , Lin Ma , Xingang Wang

Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Yudi Wu , Zhouhan Lin , Dianbo Liu

Vector quantised variational autoencoders (VQ-VAE) are characterised by three main components: 1) encoding visual data, 2) assigning $k$ different vectors in the so-called embedding space, and 3) decoding the learnt features. While images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-01 Arash Akbarinia , Raquel Gil-Rodríguez , Alban Flachot , Matteo Toscani

While hierarchical variational autoencoders (VAEs) have achieved great density estimation on image modeling tasks, samples from their prior tend to look less convincing than models with similar log-likelihood. We attribute this to learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Eric Luhman , Troy Luhman

Variational Auto-Encoders have often been used for unsupervised pretraining, feature extraction and out-of-distribution and anomaly detection in the medical field. However, VAEs often lack the ability to produce sharp images and learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-28 David Zimmerer , Jens Petersen , Klaus Maier-Hein

Existing vector quantization (VQ) methods struggle with scalability, largely attributed to the instability of the codebook that undergoes partial updates during training. The codebook is prone to collapse as utilization decreases, due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Fengyuan Shi , Zhuoyan Luo , Yixiao Ge , Yujiu Yang , Ying Shan , Limin Wang

Vector quantization is a fundamental technique for compression and large-scale nearest neighbor search. For high-accuracy operating points, multi-codebook quantization associates data vectors with one element from each of multiple…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Théophane Vallaeys , Matthew Muckley , Jakob Verbeek , Matthijs Douze

Image generative models can learn the distributions of the training data and consequently generate examples by sampling from these distributions. However, when the training dataset is corrupted with outliers, generative models will likely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Chieh-Hsin Lai , Dongmian Zou , Gilad Lerman

Vector quantization is a technique in machine learning that discretizes continuous representations into a set of discrete vectors. It is widely employed in tokenizing data representations for large language models, diffusion models, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenhao Zhao , Qiran Zou , Rushi Shah , Dianbo Liu

Current neural audio codecs typically use residual vector quantization (RVQ) to discretize speech signals. However, they often experience codebook collapse, which reduces the effective codebook size and leads to suboptimal performance. To…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-12 Rui-Chen Zheng , Hui-Peng Du , Xiao-Hang Jiang , Yang Ai , Zhen-Hua Ling

Vector Quantized Variational AutoEncoders (VQ-VAE) are a powerful representation learning framework that can discover discrete groups of features from a speech signal without supervision. Until now, the VQ-VAE architecture has previously…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-19 Yi Zhao , Haoyu Li , Cheng-I Lai , Jennifer Williams , Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi

Uncovering emergent concepts across transformer layers remains a significant challenge because the residual stream linearly mixes and duplicates information, obscuring how features evolve within large language models. Current research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Ankur Garg , Xuemin Yu , Hassan Sajjad , Samira Ebrahimi Kahou

Interpreting computations in the visual cortex as learning and inference in a generative model of the environment has received wide support both in neuroscience and cognitive science. However, hierarchical computations, a hallmark of visual…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-06-02 Ferenc Csikor , Balázs Meszéna , Bence Szabó , Gergő Orbán

The posterior collapse phenomenon in variational autoencoder (VAE), where the variational posterior distribution closely matches the prior distribution, can hinder the quality of the learned latent variables. As a consequence of posterior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-14 Hien Dang , Tho Tran , Tan Nguyen , Nhat Ho

We present Qwen-Image-VAE-2.0, a suite of high-compression Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) that achieve significant advances in both reconstruction fidelity and diffusability. To address the reconstruction bottlenecks of high compression,…

Recent state-of-the-art neural audio compression models have progressively adopted residual vector quantization (RVQ). Despite this success, these models employ a fixed number of codebooks per frame, which can be suboptimal in terms of…

Encoding videos into discrete tokens could align with text tokens to facilitate concise and unified multi-modal LLMs, yet introducing significant spatiotemporal compression compared to continuous video representation. Previous discrete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yupeng Zhou , Zhen Li , Ziheng Ouyang , Yuming Chen , Ruoyi Du , Daquan Zhou , Bin Fu , Yihao Liu , Peng Gao , Ming-Ming Cheng , Qibin Hou

Defining and separating cancer subtypes is essential for facilitating personalized therapy modality and prognosis of patients. The definition of subtypes has been constantly recalibrated as a result of our deepened understanding. During…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Zheng Chen , Ziwei Yang , Lingwei Zhu , Guang Shi , Kun Yue , Takashi Matsubara , Shigehiko Kanaya , MD Altaf-Ul-Amin

Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) are capable of learning latent representations for high dimensional data. However, due to the i.i.d. assumption, VAEs only optimize the singleton variational distributions and fail to account for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Da Tang , Dawen Liang , Tony Jebara , Nicholas Ruozzi