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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted as evaluators, offering a scalable alternative to human annotation. However, existing supervised fine-tuning (SFT) approaches often fall short in domains that demand complex reasoning.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Nuo Chen , Zhiyuan Hu , Qingyun Zou , Jiaying Wu , Qian Wang , Bryan Hooi , Bingsheng He

The current focus of AI research is shifting from emphasizing model training towards enhancing evaluation quality, a transition that is crucial for driving further advancements in AI systems. Traditional evaluation methods typically rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chi-Min Chan , Chunpu Xu , Jiaming Ji , Zhen Ye , Pengcheng Wen , Chunyang Jiang , Yaodong Yang , Wei Xue , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress through preference-based fine-tuning, which critically depends on the quality of the underlying training data. While human feedback is essential for improving data quality,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Derin Cayir , Renjie Tao , Rashi Rungta , Kai Sun , Sean Chen , Haidar Khan , Minseok Kim , Julia Reinspach , Yue Liu

Recent studies increasingly explore Large Language Models (LLMs) as a new paradigm for recommendation systems due to their scalability and world knowledge. However, existing work has three key limitations: (1) most efforts focus on…

While small language models (SLMs) have shown promise on various reasoning tasks, their ability to judge the correctness of answers remains unclear compared to large language models (LLMs). Prior work on LLM-as-a-judge frameworks typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Zhenyu Bi , Gaurav Srivastava , Yang Li , Meng Lu , Swastik Roy , Morteza Ziyadi , Xuan Wang

LLM-as-a-Judge refers to the automatic modeling of preferences for responses generated by Large Language Models (LLMs), which is of significant importance for both LLM evaluation and reward modeling. Although generative LLMs have made…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Hui Huang , Yancheng He , Hongli Zhou , Rui Zhang , Wei Liu , Weixun Wang , Jiaheng Liu , Wenbo Su

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across diverse domains, yet they still encounter challenges such as insufficient domain-specific knowledge, biases, and hallucinations. This underscores the need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Hongliu Cao , Ilias Driouich , Robin Singh , Eoin Thomas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved significant advances in reasoning tasks. A key approach is tree-based search with verifiers, which expand candidate reasoning paths and use reward models to guide pruning and selection. Although…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yingqian Cui , Zhenwei Dai , Pengfei He , Bing He , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Jingying Zeng , Suhang Wang , Yue Xing , Jiliang Tang , Benoit Dumoulin

New Large Language Models (LLMs) become available every few weeks, and modern application developers confronted with the unenviable task of having to decide if they should switch to a new model. While human evaluation remains the gold…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Suryaansh Jain , Umair Z. Ahmed , Shubham Sahai , Ben Leong

Reinforcement learning exhibits potential in enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models, yet it is hard to scale for the low sample efficiency during the rollout phase. Existing methods attempt to improve efficiency by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Deyang Kong , Qi Guo , Xiangyu Xi , Wei Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

The current paradigm of evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) through static benchmarks comes with significant limitations, such as vulnerability to data contamination and a lack of adaptability to the evolving capabilities of LLMs.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Zhehao Zhang , Jiaao Chen , Diyi Yang

Learning from preference feedback is a common practice for aligning large language models~(LLMs) with human value. Conventionally, preference data is learned and encoded into a scalar reward model that connects a value head with an LLM to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ziyi Ye , Xiangsheng Li , Qiuchi Li , Qingyao Ai , Yujia Zhou , Wei Shen , Dong Yan , Yiqun Liu

Recent developments in large language models have shown advantages in reallocating a notable share of computational resource from training time to inference time. However, the principles behind inference time scaling are not well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Indranil Halder , Cengiz Pehlevan

Data mixing strategy is essential for large language model (LLM) training. Empirical evidence shows that inappropriate strategies can significantly reduce generalization. Although recent methods have improved empirical performance, several…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuanjian Xu , Tianze Sun , Changwei Xu , XinLong Zhao , Jianing Hao , Ran Chen , Yang Liu , Ruijie Xu , Stephen Chen , Guang Zhang

The progress of AI is bottlenecked by the quality of evaluation, making powerful LLM-as-a-Judge models a core solution. The efficacy of these judges depends on their chain-of-thought reasoning, creating a critical need for methods that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Chenxi Whitehouse , Tianlu Wang , Ping Yu , Xian Li , Jason Weston , Ilia Kulikov , Swarnadeep Saha

The use of LLMs as automated judges ("LLM-as-a-judge") is now widespread, yet standard judges suffer from a multitude of reliability issues. To address these challenges, we introduce Verdict, an open-source library for scaling judge-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Nimit Kalra , Leonard Tang

Example weighting algorithm is an effective solution to the training bias problem, however, most previous typical methods are usually limited to human knowledge and require laborious tuning of hyperparameters. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Zhenmao Li , Yichao Wu , Ken Chen , Yudong Wu , Shunfeng Zhou , Jiaheng Liu , Junjie Yan

To reduce the need for human annotations, large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as judges of the quality of other candidate models. The performance of LLM judges is typically evaluated by measuring the correlation with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Andreas Stephan , Dawei Zhu , Matthias Aßenmacher , Xiaoyu Shen , Benjamin Roth

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a central post-training paradigm for large language models (LLMs), but its performance is highly sensitive to the quality of training problems. This sensitivity stems from the non-stationarity of RL:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Ningyuan Yang , Weihua Du , Weiwei Sun , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang

Present Large Language Models (LLM) self-training methods always under-sample on challenging queries, leading to inadequate learning on difficult problems which limits LLMs' ability. Therefore, this work proposes a difficulty-aware…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Boyang Xue , Qi Zhu , Hongru Wang , Rui Wang , Sheng Wang , Hongling Xu , Fei Mi , Yasheng Wang , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu , Kam-Fai Wong