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We study the robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) with adversarially perturbed state observations, which aligns with the setting of many adversarial attacks to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and is also important for rolling out…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Huan Zhang , Hongge Chen , Duane Boning , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) is a promising route to sample-efficient policy optimization. However, a known vulnerability of reconstruction-based MBRL consists of scenarios in which detailed aspects of the world are highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Miles Hutson , Isaac Kauvar , Nick Haber

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have enabled understanding webpage contexts, product details, and human instructions. Utilizing LLMs as the foundational architecture for either reward models or policies in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Shuang Feng , Grace Feng

Building general-purpose graphical user interface (GUI) agents has become increasingly promising with the progress in vision language models. However, developing effective mobile GUI agents with reinforcement learning (RL) remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yifan Xu , Xiao Liu , Xinghan Liu , Jiaqi Fu , Hanchen Zhang , Bohao Jing , Shudan Zhang , Yuting Wang , Wenyi Zhao , Yuxiao Dong

Language agents based on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in automating web-based tasks. Recent work has shown that incorporating advanced planning algorithms, e.g., tree search, is advantageous over reactive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Yu Gu , Kai Zhang , Yuting Ning , Boyuan Zheng , Boyu Gou , Tianci Xue , Cheng Chang , Sanjari Srivastava , Yanan Xie , Peng Qi , Huan Sun , Yu Su

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yunpeng Qing , Shunyu Liu , Jie Song , Yang Zhou , Kaixuan Chen , Huiqiong Wang , Mingli Song

Meta-reinforcement learning (meta-RL) algorithms enable agents to adapt quickly to tasks from few samples in dynamic environments. Such a feat is achieved through dynamic representations in an agent's policy network (obtained via reasoning…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Eseoghene Ben-Iwhiwhu , Jeffery Dick , Nicholas A. Ketz , Praveen K. Pilly , Andrea Soltoggio

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising method to learn control policies for robots only from demonstration and experience. To cover the whole dynamic behaviour of the robot, DRL training is an active exploration process typically…

Reinforcement learning (RL) for web agents demands environments that are both effective for evaluation and efficient enough for large-scale on-policy training. Current web environments fall short: server-side Docker setups are too…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuxuan Lu , Ziyi Wang , Jing Huang , Hui Liu , Jiri Gesi , Yan Han , Shihan Fu , Tianqi Zheng , Xianfeng Tang , Chen Luo , Yisi Sang , Jin Lai , Dakuo Wang

Deep Research (DR) agents extend Large Language Models (LLMs) beyond parametric knowledge by autonomously retrieving and synthesizing evidence from large web corpora into long-form reports, enabling a long-horizon agentic paradigm. However,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haohao Luo , Zexi Li , Yuexiang Xie , Wenhao Zhang , Yaliang Li , Ying Shen

Model-based offline reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a promising approach for recommender systems, enabling effective policy learning by interacting with frozen world models. However, the reward functions in these world models,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yi Zhang , Ruihong Qiu , Xuwei Xu , Jiajun Liu , Sen Wang

Top-performing Model-Based Reinforcement Learning (MBRL) agents, such as Dreamer, learn the world model by reconstructing the image observations. Hence, they often fail to discard task-irrelevant details and struggle to handle visual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Fei Deng , Ingook Jang , Sungjin Ahn

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been demonstrated suitable to develop agents that play complex games with human-level performance. However, it is not understood how to effectively use RL to perform cybersecurity tasks. To develop such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Andres Molina-Markham , Cory Miniter , Becky Powell , Ahmad Ridley

Text-based reinforcement learning involves an agent interacting with a fictional environment using observed text and admissible actions in natural language to complete a task. Previous works have shown that agents can succeed in text-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Mauricio Gruppi , Soham Dan , Keerthiram Murugesan , Subhajit Chaudhury

Agentic reinforcement learning increasingly relies on experience-driven scaling, yet real-world environments remain non-adaptive, limited in coverage, and difficult to scale. World models offer a potential way to improve learning efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yixia Li , Hongru Wang , Jiahao Qiu , Zhenfei Yin , Dongdong Zhang , Cheng Qian , Zeping Li , Pony Ma , Guanhua Chen , Heng Ji

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is a promising way to achieve human-like autonomous driving. However, the low sample efficiency and difficulty of designing reward functions for DRL would hinder its applications in practice. In light of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Zhiyu Huang , Jingda Wu , Chen Lv

Automated GUI testing of web applications has always been considered a challenging task considering their large state space and complex interaction logic. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a recent extension of Reinforcement Learning…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Zhiyu Gu , Chenxu Liu , Guoquan Wu , Yifei Zhang , ChenXi Yang , Zheheng Liang , Wei Chen , Jun Wei

Large Language Model (LLM) agents have shown stunning results in complex tasks, yet they often operate in isolation, failing to learn from past experiences. Existing memory-based methods primarily store raw trajectories, which are often…

GUI agents that interact with graphical interfaces on behalf of users represent a promising direction for practical AI assistants. However, training such agents is hindered by the scarcity of suitable environments. We present InfiniteWeb, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Ziyun Zhang , Zezhou Wang , Xiaoyi Zhang , Zongyu Guo , Jiahao Li , Bin Li , Yan Lu

Agent-based models (ABMs) have shown promise for modelling various real world phenomena incompatible with traditional equilibrium analysis. However, a critical concern is the manual definition of behavioural rules in ABMs. Recent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Benjamin Patrick Evans , Sumitra Ganesh
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