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We analyzed 3,984 AI agent skills from major marketplaces and found 76 confirmed malicious payloads, including credential theft, backdoor installation, and data exfiltration. 13.4% of all skills contain at least one critical-level security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Luca Beurer-Kellner , Aleksei Kudrinskii , Marco Milanta , Kristian Bonde Nielsen , Hemang Sarkar , Liran Tal

Software development agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have shown great promise in automating tasks like environment setup, issue solving, and program repair. Unfortunately, understanding and debugging such agents remain…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Robert Hutter , Michael Pradel

Agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong planning and decision-making capabilities in complex embodied environments. However, such agents often suffer from inefficiencies in multi-turn interactions, frequently…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Qingyu Lu , Liang Ding , Siyi Cao , Xuebo Liu , Kanjian Zhang , Jinxia Zhang , Dacheng Tao

LLM agents increasingly run inside execution harnesses that dispatch tools, allocate resources, and route messages between specialized components. However, a harness can return a correct, benign answer over a trajectory that accesses…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chengzhi Liu , Yichen Guo , Yepeng Liu , Yuzhe Yang , Qianqi Yan , Xuandong Zhao , Wenyue Hua , Sheng Liu , Sharon Li , Yuheng Bu , Xin Eric Wang

Detection of adversarial examples has been a hot topic in the last years due to its importance for safely deploying machine learning algorithms in critical applications. However, the detection methods are generally validated by assuming a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Federica Granese , Marine Picot , Marco Romanelli , Francisco Messina , Pablo Piantanida

As large language models evolve from conversational assistants to autonomous agents, ensuring trustworthiness requires a fundamental shift from post-hoc evaluation to real-time action verification. Current frameworks like AgentBench…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Tavishi Sharma , Vinayak Sharma , Pragya Sharma

AI agents are increasingly deployed to execute important tasks. While rising accuracy scores on standard benchmarks suggest rapid progress, many agents still continue to fail in practice. This discrepancy highlights a fundamental limitation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Stephan Rabanser , Sayash Kapoor , Peter Kirgis , Kangheng Liu , Saiteja Utpala , Arvind Narayanan

Large language model agents now act on codebases, browsers, operating systems, calendars, files, and tool ecosystems, but their evaluations often collapse behavior into final task success. AgentAtlas reframes agent evaluation as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Parsa Mazaheri , Kasra Mazaheri

Large vision-language model (LVLM)-based web agents are emerging as powerful tools for automating complex online tasks. However, when deployed in real-world environments, they face serious security risks, motivating the design of security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Zonghao Ying , Yangguang Shao , Jianle Gan , Gan Xu , Wenxin Zhang , Quanchen Zou , Junzheng Shi , Zhenfei Yin , Mingchuan Zhang , Aishan Liu , Xianglong Liu

CTI-REALM (Cyber Threat Real World Evaluation and LLM Benchmarking) is a benchmark designed to evaluate AI agents' ability to interpret cyber threat intelligence (CTI) and develop detection rules. The benchmark provides a realistic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Arjun Chakraborty , Sandra Ho , Adam Cook , Manuel Meléndez

Agentic reinforcement learning (RL) holds great promise for the development of autonomous agents under complex GUI tasks, but its scalability remains severely hampered by the verification of task completion. Existing task verification is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Shaofei Cai , Yulei Qin , Haojia Lin , Zihan Xu , Gang Li , Yuchen Shi , Zongyi Li , Yong Mao , Siqi Cai , Xiaoyu Tan , Yitao Liang , Ke Li , Xing Sun

AI agents can extend their capabilities at inference time by loading reusable skills into context, yet equipping an agent with too many skills, particularly irrelevant ones, degrades performance. As community-driven skill repositories grow,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Fangzhou Li , Pagkratios Tagkopoulos , Ilias Tagkopoulos

Large language models deployed as agents increasingly interact with external systems through tool calls--actions with real-world consequences that text outputs alone do not carry. Safety evaluations, however, overwhelmingly measure…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Arnold Cartagena , Ariane Teixeira

Large language models (LLMs) have exhibited great potential in autonomously completing tasks across real-world applications. Despite this, these LLM agents introduce unexpected safety risks when operating in interactive environments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Tongxin Yuan , Zhiwei He , Lingzhong Dong , Yiming Wang , Ruijie Zhao , Tian Xia , Lizhen Xu , Binglin Zhou , Fangqi Li , Zhuosheng Zhang , Rui Wang , Gongshen Liu

The rapid evolution of embodied agents has accelerated the deployment of household robots in real-world environments. However, unlike structured industrial settings, household spaces introduce unpredictable safety risks, where system…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Jiayue Pu , Zhongxiang Sun , Zilu Zhang , Xiao Zhang , Jun Xu

Autonomous vehicles are continually increasing their presence on public roads. However, before any new autonomous driving software can be approved, it must first undergo a rigorous assessment of driving quality. These quality evaluations…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-18 Maria A. Terres , Aiyou Chen , Ruixuan Rachel Zhou , Claire M. McLeod

We introduce PentestJudge, a system for evaluating the operations of penetration testing agents. PentestJudge is a large language model (LLM)-as-judge with access to tools that allow it to consume arbitrary trajectories of agent states and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Shane Caldwell , Max Harley , Michael Kouremetis , Vincent Abruzzo , Will Pearce

Collaborative perception systems overcome single-vehicle limitations in long-range detection and occlusion scenarios by integrating multi-agent sensory data, improving accuracy and safety. However, frequent cooperative interactions and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yunjiang Xu , Lingzhi Li , Jin Wang , Yupeng Ouyang , Benyuan Yang

Multi-agent systems, where specialized agents collaborate to solve a shared task hold great potential, from increased modularity to simulating complex environments. However, they also have a major caveat -- a single agent can cause the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ohav Barbi , Ori Yoran , Mor Geva

Software development is iterative, yet agentic coding benchmarks hide design issues through their single-shot setup. Recent iterative benchmarks attempt to remedy this but heavily constrain an agent's design decision space, making it…