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Interpretable deep learning aims at developing neural architectures whose decision-making processes could be understood by their users. Among these techniqes, Concept Bottleneck Models enhance the interpretability of neural networks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langhenirich

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) predict through human-interpretable concepts, but they typically output point concept probabilities that conflate epistemic uncertainty (reducible model underspecification) with aleatoric uncertainty…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tanmoy Mukherjee , Thomas Bailleux , Pierre Marquis , Zied Bouraoui

Existing methods, such as concept bottleneck models (CBMs), have been successful in providing concept-based interpretations for black-box deep learning models. They typically work by predicting concepts given the input and then predicting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Xinyue Xu , Yi Qin , Lu Mi , Hao Wang , Xiaomeng Li

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) assume that training examples (e.g., x-ray images) are annotated with high-level concepts (e.g., types of abnormalities), and perform classification by first predicting the concepts, followed by predicting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Danis Alukaev , Semen Kiselev , Ilya Pershin , Bulat Ibragimov , Vladimir Ivanov , Alexey Kornaev , Ivan Titov

Catastrophic forgetting remains a fundamental challenge in continual learning, in which models often forget previous knowledge when fine-tuned on a new task. This issue is especially pronounced in class incremental learning (CIL), which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Amirhosein Javadi , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tara Javidi , Tsui-Wei Weng

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have become a popular approach to enable interpretability in neural networks by constraining classifier inputs to a set of human-understandable concepts. While effective, current models embed concepts in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Daniel Uyterlinde , Swasti Shreya Mishra , Pascal Mettes

In recent years, the black-box nature of deep learning models has limited their application in high-stakes domains such as medical diagnosis and finance, where interpretability is essential. To address this, we propose a novel approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yike Sun , Mingkun Xu , Mu You , Zhongzhi He , Henghua Shen , Zehan Tan , Derek F. Wong , Tao Fang

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) map images to human-interpretable concepts before making class predictions. Recent approaches automate CBM construction by prompting Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate text concepts and employing Vision…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Nithish Muthuchamy Selvaraj , Xiaobao Guo , Adams Wai-Kin Kong , Alex Kot

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are a prominent framework for interpretable AI that map learned visual features to a set of meaningful concepts for task-specific downstream predictions. Their sequential structure enhances transparency by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Mohamed Harmanani , Bining Long , Zhuoxin Guo , Paul F. R. Wilson , Amirhossein Sabour , Minh Nguyen Nhat To , Gabor Fichtinger , Purang Abolmaesumi , Parvin Mousavi

Uncertainty quantification is essential for assessing the reliability and trustworthiness of modern AI systems. Among existing approaches, verbalized uncertainty, where models express their confidence through natural language, has emerged…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Weihao Xuan , Qingcheng Zeng , Heli Qi , Junjue Wang , Naoto Yokoya

Deploying AI-powered systems requires trustworthy models supporting effective human interactions, going beyond raw prediction accuracy. Concept bottleneck models promote trustworthiness by conditioning classification tasks on an…

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) map the black-box visual representations extracted by deep neural networks onto a set of interpretable concepts and use the concepts to make predictions, enhancing the transparency of the decision-making…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Chenming Shang , Shiji Zhou , Hengyuan Zhang , Xinzhe Ni , Yujiu Yang , Yuwang Wang

The Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) of Koh et al. [2020] provide a means to ensure that a neural network based classifier bases its predictions solely on human understandable concepts. The concept labels, or rationales as we refer to them,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Joshua Lockhart , Daniele Magazzeni , Manuela Veloso

As machine learning models are increasingly deployed in high-stakes domains, the need for interpretability has grown to meet strict regulatory and accountability constraints. Despite this interest, systematic evaluations of inherently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Mattia Billa , Giovanni Orlandi , Veronica Guidetti , Federica Mandreoli

Recently impressive performance has been achieved in Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) by utilizing the image-text alignment learned by a large pre-trained vision-language model (i.e. CLIP). However, there exist two key limitations in concept…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minghong Zhong , Guoshuai Zou , Kanghao Chen , Dexia Chen , Ruixuan Wang

Interpretable machine learning has become a strong competitor for traditional black-box models. However, the possible loss of the predictive performance for gaining interpretability is often inevitable, putting practitioners in a dilemma of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-13 Tong Wang , Qihang Lin

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered increasing attention due to their ability to provide concept-based explanations for black-box deep learning models while achieving high final prediction accuracy using human-like concepts.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Lijie Hu , Tianhao Huang , Huanyi Xie , Xilin Gong , Chenyang Ren , Zhengyu Hu , Lu Yu , Ping Ma , Di Wang

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Concept-Based Models (CBMs) are a class of deep learning models that provide interpretability by explaining predictions through high-level concepts. These models first predict concepts and then use them to perform a downstream task.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Gabriele Dominici , Giuseppe Marra

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) first map raw input(s) to a vector of human-defined concepts, before using this vector to predict a final classification. We might therefore expect CBMs capable of predicting concepts based on distinct…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece
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