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The opaque nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their interpretability, primarily through post-hoc methods. More recent in-hoc approaches, such as Concept Bottleneck Models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Or Raphael Bidusa , Shaul Markovitch

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that route predictions through a layer of human-interpretable concepts. While widely studied in vision and, more recently, in NLP, CBMs remain largely unexplored in multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Pierre Moreau , Emeline Pineau Ferrand , Yann Choho , Benjamin Wong , Annabelle Blangero , Milan Bhan

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBNMs) are deep learning models that provide interpretability by enforcing a bottleneck layer where predictions are based exclusively on human-understandable concepts. However, this constraint also restricts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 David Debot , Giuseppe Marra

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved unprecedented breakthroughs in various natural language processing domains. However, the enigmatic ``black-box'' nature of LLMs remains a significant challenge for interpretability, hampering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Zhen Tan , Tianlong Chen , Zhenyu Zhang , Huan Liu

Interpretable models are designed to make decisions in a human-interpretable manner. Representatively, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) follow a two-step process of concept prediction and class prediction based on the predicted concepts. CBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Eunji Kim , Dahuin Jung , Sangha Park , Siwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are neural networks designed to conjoin high performance with ante-hoc interpretability. CBMs work by first mapping inputs (e.g., images) to high-level concepts (e.g., visible objects and their properties)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Nicola Debole , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso , Emanuele Marconato

Deep learning algorithms have recently gained significant attention due to their impressive performance. However, their high complexity and un-interpretable mode of operation hinders their confident deployment in real-world safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Konstantinos P. Panousis , Dino Ienco , Diego Marcos

Advancements in foundation models (FMs) have led to a paradigm shift in machine learning. The rich, expressive feature representations from these pre-trained, large-scale FMs are leveraged for multiple downstream tasks, usually via…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Jihye Choi , Jayaram Raghuram , Yixuan Li , Somesh Jha

There has been considerable recent interest in interpretable concept-based models such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), which first predict human-interpretable concepts and then map them to output classes. To reduce reliance on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Simon Schrodi , Julian Schur , Max Argus , Thomas Brox

Black-box deep neural networks excel in text classification, yet their application in high-stakes domains is hindered by their lack of interpretability. To address this, we propose Text Bottleneck Models (TBM), an intrinsically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Josh Magnus Ludan , Qing Lyu , Yue Yang , Liam Dugan , Mark Yatskar , Chris Callison-Burch

We introduce the Concept Bottleneck Large Language Model (CB-LLM), a pioneering approach to creating inherently interpretable Large Language Models (LLMs). Unlike traditional black-box LLMs that rely on post-hoc interpretation methods with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Chung-En Sun , Tuomas Oikarinen , Tsui-Wei Weng

Machine learning accelerates molecular property prediction, yet state-of-the-art Large Language Models and Graph Neural Networks operate as black boxes. In drug discovery, where safety is critical, this opacity risks masking false…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Oscar Rivera , Ziqing Wang , Matthieu Dagommer , Abhishek Pandey , Kaize Ding

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a cornerstone approach for interpretable machine learning, providing human-understandable intermediate representations through explicit concept activations. However, this interpretability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Aditya Sridhar

Concept-bottleneck models (CBMs) are neural classifiers that compute predictions from high-level concepts extracted from the input. CBMs ensure stakeholders can understand the concepts -- and the predictions they entail -- by learning these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Nicola Debole , Andrea Passerini , Stefano Teso , Andrea Pugnana , Emanuele Marconato

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are interpretable neural networks that first predict labels for human-interpretable concepts relevant to the prediction task, and then predict the final label based on the concept label predictions. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-28 Kushal Chauhan , Rishabh Tiwari , Jan Freyberg , Pradeep Shenoy , Krishnamurthy Dvijotham

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

We propose a novel architecture and method of explainable classification with Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs). While SOTA approaches to Image Classification task work as a black box, there is a growing demand for models that would provide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Andrei Semenov , Vladimir Ivanov , Aleksandr Beznosikov , Alexander Gasnikov

Recent advances in deep learning have led to increasingly complex models with deeper layers and more parameters, reducing interpretability and making their decisions harder to understand. While many methods explain black-box reasoning, most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Nuoye Xiong , Anqi Dong , Ning Wang , Cong Hua , Guangming Zhu , Lin Mei , Peiyi Shen , Liang Zhang

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are regarded as inherently interpretable because they first predict a set of human-defined concepts which are used to predict a task label. For inherent interpretability to be fully realised, and ensure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Jack Furby , Daniel Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Deep learning approaches have recently been extensively explored for the prognostics of industrial assets. However, they still suffer from a lack of interpretability, which hinders their adoption in safety-critical applications. To improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Florent Forest , Katharina Rombach , Olga Fink