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Using Large Language Models (LLMs) for relevance assessments offers promising opportunities to improve Information Retrieval (IR), Natural Language Processing (NLP), and related fields. Indeed, LLMs hold the promise of allowing IR…

The powerful generative abilities of large language models (LLMs) show potential in generating relevance labels for search applications. Previous work has found that directly asking about relevancy, such as ``How relevant is document A to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Le Yan , Zhen Qin , Honglei Zhuang , Rolf Jagerman , Xuanhui Wang , Michael Bendersky , Harrie Oosterhuis

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integral to information retrieval (IR), powering ranking, evaluation, and AI-assisted content creation. This widespread adoption necessitates a critical examination of potential biases arising…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Krisztian Balog , Donald Metzler , Zhen Qin

This paper explores generalised probabilistic modelling and uncertainty estimation in comparative LLM-as-a-judge frameworks. We show that existing Product-of-Experts methods are specific cases of a broader framework, enabling diverse…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Yassir Fathullah , Mark J. F. Gales

Offline evaluation of search systems depends on test collections. These benchmarks provide the researchers with a corpus of documents, topics and relevance judgements indicating which documents are relevant for each topic. While test…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-23 David Otero , Javier Parapar , Álvaro Barreiro

Relevance judgments are crucial for evaluating information retrieval systems, but traditional human-annotated labels are time-consuming and expensive. As a result, many researchers turn to automatic alternatives to accelerate method…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Naghmeh Farzi , Laura Dietz

The growing interest in automatic survey generation (ASG), a task that traditionally required considerable time and effort, has been spurred by recent advances in large language models (LLMs). With advancements in retrieval-augmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Beichen Guo , Zhiyuan Wen , Yu Yang , Peng Gao , Ruosong Yang , Jiaxing Shen

In this paper we present Large Language Model Assisted Retrieval Model Ranking (LARMOR), an effective unsupervised approach that leverages LLMs for selecting which dense retriever to use on a test corpus (target). Dense retriever selection…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Ekaterina Khramtsova , Shengyao Zhuang , Mahsa Baktashmotlagh , Guido Zuccon

We propose a novel framework that leverages large language models (LLMs) to guide the rank selection in tensor network models for higher-order data analysis. By utilising the intrinsic reasoning capabilities and domain knowledge of LLMs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Giorgos Iacovides , Wuyang Zhou , Danilo Mandic

LLM-based listwise passage reranking has attracted attention for its effectiveness in ranking candidate passages. However, these models suffer from positional bias, where passages positioned towards the end of the input are less likely to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Jingfen Qiao , Jin Huang , Xinyu Ma , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Evangelos Kanoulas , Andrew Yates

Applying large language models (LLMs) to assist in psycho-counseling is an emerging and meaningful approach, driven by the significant gap between patient needs and the availability of mental health support. However, current LLMs struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mian Zhang , Shaun M. Eack , Zhiyu Zoey Chen

Can the relative performance of a pre-trained large multimodal model (LMM) be predicted without access to labels? As LMMs proliferate, it becomes increasingly important to develop efficient ways to choose between them when faced with new…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Weijie Tu , Weijian Deng , Dylan Campbell , Yu Yao , Jiyang Zheng , Tom Gedeon , Tongliang Liu

Large language models are increasingly used as judges (LLM-as-a-judge) to evaluate model outputs at scale, but their assessments often diverge systematically from human judgments. We present Bridge, a unified statistical framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Felipe Maia Polo , Xinhe Wang , Mikhail Yurochkin , Gongjun Xu , Moulinath Banerjee , Yuekai Sun

Recommender and search systems commonly rely on Learning To Rank models trained on logged user interactions to order items by predicted relevance. However, such interaction data is often subject to position bias, as users are more likely to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Aleksandr V. Petrov , Michael Murtagh , Karthik Nagesh

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit social biases inherited from their training data. While existing benchmarks evaluate bias by term-based mode through direct term associations between demographic terms and bias terms, LLMs have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jinhao Pan , Chahat Raj , Ziyu Yao , Ziwei Zhu

The impressive performance of large language models (LLMs) has attracted considerable attention from the academic and industrial communities. Besides how to construct and train LLMs, how to effectively evaluate and compare the capacity of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zhumin Chu , Qingyao Ai , Yiteng Tu , Haitao Li , Yiqun Liu

In various work contexts, such as meeting scheduling, collaborating, and project planning, collective decision-making is essential but often challenging due to diverse individual preferences, varying work focuses, and power dynamics among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Marios Papachristou , Longqi Yang , Chin-Chia Hsu

Serendipity plays a pivotal role in enhancing user satisfaction within recommender systems, yet its evaluation poses significant challenges due to its inherently subjective nature and conceptual ambiguity. Current algorithmic approaches…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Li Kang , Yuhan Zhao , Li Chen

Large foundation models pretrained on raw web-scale data are not readily deployable without additional step of extensive alignment to human preferences. Such alignment is typically done by collecting large amounts of pairwise comparisons…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Daiwei Chen , Yi Chen , Aniket Rege , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak

While many online services provide privacy policies for end users to read and understand what personal data are being collected, these documents are often lengthy and complicated. As a result, the vast majority of users do not read them at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Bhanuka Silva , Dishanika Denipitiyage , Suranga Seneviratne , Anirban Mahanti , Aruna Seneviratne