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Despite the surprising few-shot performance of in-context learning (ICL), it is still a common practice to randomly sample examples to serve as context. This paper advocates a new principle for ICL: self-adaptive in-context learning. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Zhiyong Wu , Yaoxiang Wang , Jiacheng Ye , Lingpeng Kong

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to adapt to new tasks by conditioning on demonstrations of question-answer pairs and it has been shown to have comparable performance to costly model retraining and fine-tuning.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Alycia N. Carey , Karuna Bhaila , Kennedy Edemacu , Xintao Wu

Robustness of huge Transformer-based models for natural language processing is an important issue due to their capabilities and wide adoption. One way to understand and improve robustness of these models is an exploration of an adversarial…

In-context learning (ICL) empowers large language models (LLMs) to perform diverse tasks in underrepresented languages using only short in-context information, offering a crucial avenue for narrowing the gap between high-resource and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Samuel Cahyawijaya , Holy Lovenia , Pascale Fung

A public safety Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) enhances situational awareness during emergency response. Its agility, mobility optimization, and ability to establish Line-of-Sight (LoS) communication make it increasingly important for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Yousef Emami , Hao Zhou , Miguel Gutierrez Gaitan , Kai Li , Luis Almeida , Zhu Han

In-context Learning (ICL) is an emerging few-shot learning paradigm based on modern Language Models (LMs), yet its inner mechanism remains unclear. In this paper, we investigate the mechanism through a novel perspective of information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Hakaze Cho , Haolin Yang , Gouki Minegishi , Naoya Inoue

Existing studies in backdoor defense have predominantly focused on the training phase, overlooking the critical aspect of testing time defense. This gap becomes pronounced in the context of LLMs deployed as Web Services, which typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Wenjie Mo , Jiashu Xu , Qin Liu , Jiongxiao Wang , Jun Yan , Hadi Askari , Chaowei Xiao , Muhao Chen

Recent advances in the Model Context Protocol (MCP) have enabled large language models (LLMs) to invoke external tools with unprecedented ease. This creates a new class of powerful and tool augmented agents. Unfortunately, this capability…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Yulin Shen , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

In-Context Learning (ICL) has emerged as an important new paradigm in natural language processing and large language model (LLM) applications. However, the theoretical understanding of the ICL mechanism remains limited. This paper aims to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Huaze Tang , Tianren Peng , Shao-lun Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel at in-context learning (ICL), a supervised learning technique that relies on adding annotated examples to the model context. We investigate a contextual bandit version of in-context reinforcement learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Giovanni Monea , Antoine Bosselut , Kianté Brantley , Yoav Artzi

Machine learning (ML) classifiers are vulnerable to adversarial examples. An adversarial example is an input sample which is slightly modified to induce misclassification in an ML classifier. In this work, we investigate white-box and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Yonghong Huang , Utkarsh Verma , Celeste Fralick , Gabriel Infante-Lopez , Brajesh Kumarz , Carl Woodward

Advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown their effectiveness in multiple complicated natural language reasoning tasks. A key challenge remains in adapting these models efficiently to new or unfamiliar tasks. In-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Siqi Liang , Sumyeong Ahn , Jiayu Zhou

In-context learning (ICL) allows large models to adapt to tasks using a few examples, yet its extension to vision-language models (VLMs) remains fragile. Our analysis reveals that the fundamental limitation lies in an inductive gap, models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haoyu Wang , Haonan Wang , Yuyan Chen , Jun Chen , Gang Liu , Qian Wang , Jiahong Yan , Yanghua Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate emergent in-context learning capabilities, where they adapt to new tasks based on example demonstrations. However, in-context learning has seen limited effectiveness in many settings, is difficult to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Sheng Liu , Haotian Ye , Lei Xing , James Zou

We propose In-Context Clustering (ICC), a flexible LLM-based procedure for clustering data from diverse distributions. Unlike traditional clustering algorithms constrained by predefined similarity measures, ICC flexibly captures complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Ying Wang , Mengye Ren , Andrew Gordon Wilson

In-context Learning (ICL) has emerged as a powerful capability alongside the development of scaled-up large language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Quanyu Long , Yin Wu , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Machine learning (ML) based approaches have been the mainstream solution for anti-phishing detection. When they are deployed on the client-side, ML-based classifiers are vulnerable to evasion attacks. However, such potential threats have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Yusi Lei , Sen Chen , Lingling Fan , Fu Song , Yang Liu

We investigate whether chemical processes can perform in-context learning (ICL), a mode of computation typically associated with transformer architectures. ICL allows a system to infer task-specific rules from a sequence of examples without…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-01-13 Carlos Floyd , Hector Manuel Lopez Rios , Aaron R. Dinner , Suriyanarayanan Vaikuntanathan

Incident response plays a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of cyber attacks. In recent years, the intensity and complexity of global cyber threats have grown significantly, making it increasingly challenging for traditional threat…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Xihuan Lin , Jie Zhang , Gelei Deng , Tianzhe Liu , Tianwei Zhang , Qing Guo , Riqing Chen

In-context learning (ICL) enables large language models (LLMs) to perform downstream tasks through advanced prompting and high-quality demonstrations. However, traditional ICL paradigms encounter significant limitations in complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jinyang Wu , Mingkuan Feng , Shuai Zhang , Feihu Che , Zengqi Wen , Chonghua Liao , Jianhua Tao