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Previous studies on continual knowledge learning (CKL) in large language models (LLMs) have predominantly focused on approaches such as regularization, architectural modifications, and rehearsal techniques to mitigate catastrophic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yeongbin Seo , Dongha Lee , Jinyoung Yeo

Continual learning necessitates the continual adaptation of models to newly emerging tasks while minimizing the catastrophic forgetting of old ones. This is extremely challenging for large language models (LLMs) with vanilla full-parameter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Chenyang Song , Xu Han , Zheni Zeng , Kuai Li , Chen Chen , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun , Tao Yang

Foundational Vision-Language Models (VLMs) excel across diverse tasks, but adapting them to new domains without forgetting prior knowledge remains a critical challenge. Continual Learning (CL) addresses this challenge by enabling models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Vaibhav Singh , Rahaf Aljundi , Eugene Belilovsky

Time-dependent data-generating distributions have proven to be difficult for gradient-based training of neural networks, as the greedy updates result in catastrophic forgetting of previously learned knowledge. Despite the progress in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Matthias De Lange , Gido van de Ven , Tinne Tuytelaars

While recent continual learning methods largely alleviate the catastrophic problem on toy-sized datasets, some issues remain to be tackled to apply them to real-world problem domains. First, a continual learning model should effectively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Jaehong Yoon , Saehoon Kim , Eunho Yang , Sung Ju Hwang

Fine-tuning vision-language models (VLMs) with abundant unlabeled data recently has attracted increasing attention. Existing methods that resort to the pseudolabeling strategy would suffer from heavily incorrect hard pseudolabels when VLMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Jiahan Zhang , Qi Wei , Feng Liu , Lei Feng

Online continual learning (OCL), which enables AI systems to adaptively learn from non-stationary data streams, is commonly achieved using experience replay (ER)-based methods that retain knowledge by replaying stored past during training.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Zelin Tao , Hao Deng , Mingqing Liu , Lijun Zhang , Shengjie Zhao

Prompt learning has emerged as a promising method for adapting pre-trained visual-language models (VLMs) to a range of downstream tasks. While optimizing the context can be effective for improving performance on specific tasks, it can often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Fangming Cui , Jan Fong , Rongfei Zeng , Xinmei Tian , Jun Yu

Continual learning (CL) has traditionally focused on minimizing exemplar memory, a constraint often misaligned with modern systems where GPU time, not storage, is the primary bottleneck. This paper challenges this paradigm by investigating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Dongkyu Cho , Taesup Moon , Rumi Chunara , Kyunghyun Cho , Sungmin Cha

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) trains a model to continually recognize new classes from non-stationary data while retaining learned knowledge. A major challenge of CIL arises when applying to real-world data characterized by non-uniform…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Jiangpeng He , Fengqing Zhu

Continual learning aims to sequentially learn new tasks without forgetting previous tasks' knowledge (catastrophic forgetting). One factor that can cause forgetting is the interference between the gradients on losses from different tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Xueying Bai , Jinghuan Shang , Yifan Sun , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Even in the era of large models, one of the well-known issues in continual learning (CL) is catastrophic forgetting, which is significantly challenging when the continual data stream exhibits a long-tailed distribution, termed as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Lei Liu , Li Liu , Yawen Cui

Scaled post-training now drives many of the largest capability gains in language models (LMs), yet its effect on pretrained knowledge remains poorly understood. Not all forgetting is equal: Forgetting one fact (e.g., a U.S. president or an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jackson Harmon , Andreas Hochlehnert , Matthias Bethge , Ameya Prabhu

Humans are capable of acquiring new knowledge and transferring learned knowledge into different domains, incurring a small forgetting. The same ability, called Continual Learning, is challenging to achieve when operating with neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jary Pomponi , Alessio Devoto , Simone Scardapane

Fueled by their remarkable ability to tackle diverse tasks across multiple domains, large language models (LLMs) have grown at an unprecedented rate, with some recent models containing trillions of parameters. This growth is accompanied by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Athanasios Glentis , Jiaxiang Li , Qiulin Shang , Andi Han , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Quan Wei , Mingyi Hong

Rehearsal-based continual learning (CL) mitigates catastrophic forgetting by maintaining a subset of samples from previous tasks for replay. Existing studies primarily focus on optimizing memory storage through coreset selection strategies.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Minh-Duong Nguyen , Thien-Thanh Dao , Le-Tuan Nguyen , Dung D. Le , Kok-Seng Wong

Despite large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive achievements across numerous tasks, supervised fine-tuning (SFT) remains essential for adapting these models to specialized domains. However, SFT for domain specialization can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Yibai Liu , Shihang Wang , Zeming Liu , Zheming Song , Junzhe Wang , Jingjing Liu , Qingjie Liu , Yunhong Wang

A key challenge for machine intelligence is to learn new visual concepts without forgetting the previously acquired knowledge. Continual learning is aimed towards addressing this challenge. However, there is a gap between existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Yan Luo , Yongkang Wong , Mohan Kankanhalli , Qi Zhao

Despite significant advancements in large language models (LLMs), the rapid and frequent integration of small-scale experiences, such as interactions with surrounding objects, remains a substantial challenge. Two critical factors in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Yu Wang , Xinshuang Liu , Xiusi Chen , Sean O'Brien , Junda Wu , Julian McAuley

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) mitigates hallucinations in Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge. However, conflicts between parametric knowledge and retrieved context pose challenges, particularly when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Baolong Bi , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Yilong Xu , Junfeng Fang , Lingrui Mei , Xueqi Cheng
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