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The unprecedented performance of large language models (LLMs) necessitates improvements in evaluations. Rather than merely exploring the breadth of LLM abilities, we believe meticulous and thoughtful designs are essential to thorough,…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automated judges to evaluate recommendation systems, search engines, and other subjective tasks, where relying on human evaluators can be costly, time-consuming, and unscalable. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Gerrit J. J. van den Burg , Gen Suzuki , Wei Liu , Murat Sensoy

Recent large language models (LLMs) achieve strong performance in generating promising reasoning paths for complex tasks. However, despite powerful generation ability, LLMs remain weak at verifying their own answers, revealing a persistent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuxin Chen , Yu Wang , Yi Zhang , Ziang Ye , Zhengzhou Cai , Yaorui Shi , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Truly reliable AI requires more than simply scaling up knowledge; it demands the ability to know what it knows and when it does not. Yet recent research shows that even the best LLMs misjudge their own competence in more than one in five…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sahil Kale , Devendra Singh Dhami

Large-scale generative models are shown to be useful for sampling meaningful candidate solutions, yet they often overlook task constraints and user preferences. Their full power is better harnessed when the models are coupled with external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Lin Guan , Yifan Zhou , Denis Liu , Yantian Zha , Heni Ben Amor , Subbarao Kambhampati

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Natural Language Processing but exhibit limitations, particularly in autonomously addressing novel challenges such as reasoning and problem-solving. Traditional techniques like…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Sumedh Rasal

A Large Language Model (LLM) as judge evaluates the quality of victim Machine Learning (ML) models, specifically LLMs, by analyzing their outputs. An LLM as judge is the combination of one model and one specifically engineered judge prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tom Biskupski , Stephan Kleber

Model-based evaluation is at the heart of successful model development -- as a reward model for training, and as a replacement for human evaluation. To train such evaluators, the standard approach is to collect a large amount of human…

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong reasoning capabilities, and as existing approaches for enhancing LLM reasoning continue to mature, increasing attention has shifted toward meta-reasoning as a promising direction for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ziqing Zhuang , Linhai Zhang , Jiasheng Si , Deyu Zhou , Yulan He

Existing LLM-as-a-Judge approaches for evaluating text generation suffer from rating inconsistencies, with low agreement and high rating variance across different evaluator models. We attribute this to subjective evaluation criteria…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Yukyung Lee , Joonghoon Kim , Jaehee Kim , Hyowon Cho , Jaewook Kang , Pilsung Kang , Najoung Kim

Automating the decision of whether a code change requires manual review is vital for maintaining software quality in modern development workflows. However, the emergence of new programming languages and frameworks creates a critical…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Yogev Cohen , Dudi Ohayon , Romy Somkin , Yehudit Aperstein , Alexander Apartsin

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to evaluate information retrieval (IR) systems, generating relevance judgments traditionally made by human assessors. Recent empirical studies suggest that LLM-based evaluations often align…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Laura Dietz , Oleg Zendel , Peter Bailey , Charles Clarke , Ellese Cotterill , Jeff Dalton , Faegheh Hasibi , Mark Sanderson , Nick Craswell

Traditional reference-based metrics, such as BLEU and ROUGE, are less effective for assessing outputs from Large Language Models (LLMs) that produce highly creative or superior-quality text, or in situations where reference outputs are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Qian Pan , Zahra Ashktorab , Michael Desmond , Martin Santillan Cooper , James Johnson , Rahul Nair , Elizabeth Daly , Werner Geyer

Label-free reinforcement learning enables large language models to improve reasoning capabilities without ground-truth supervision, typically by treating majority-voted answers as pseudo-labels. However, we identify a critical failure mode:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Teng Pan , Yuchen Yan , Zixuan Wang , Ruiqing Zhang , Guiyang Hou , Wenqi Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yongliang Shen

Recently, with the chain of thought (CoT) prompting, large language models (LLMs), e.g., GPT-3, have shown strong reasoning ability in several natural language processing tasks such as arithmetic, commonsense, and logical reasoning.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Yixuan Weng , Minjun Zhu , Fei Xia , Bin Li , Shizhu He , Shengping Liu , Bin Sun , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

We propose LLM-Eval, a unified multi-dimensional automatic evaluation method for open-domain conversations with large language models (LLMs). Existing evaluation methods often rely on human annotations, ground-truth responses, or multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Yen-Ting Lin , Yun-Nung Chen

Like humans, large language models (LLMs) do not always generate the best output on their first try. Motivated by how humans refine their written text, we introduce Self-Refine, an approach for improving initial outputs from LLMs through…

Reliable evaluation of large language models (LLMs) is critical as their deployment rapidly expands, particularly in high-stakes domains such as business and finance. The LLM-as-a-Judge framework, which uses prompted LLMs to evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Michael Krumdick , Charles Lovering , Varshini Reddy , Seth Ebner , Chris Tanner

Self-correction is an approach to improving responses from large language models (LLMs) by refining the responses using LLMs during inference. Prior work has proposed various self-correction frameworks using different sources of feedback,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Ryo Kamoi , Yusen Zhang , Nan Zhang , Jiawei Han , Rui Zhang