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We study model-free Q-learning in finite-horizon episodic Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with stationary dynamics across episodes. We identify a central issue in nascent model-free posterior-sampling works: the reliance on delayed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Sofia R. Miskala-Dinc , Aviva Prins

Q-learning with neural network function approximation (neural Q-learning for short) is among the most prevalent deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Despite its empirical success, the non-asymptotic convergence rate of neural Q-learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Pan Xu , Quanquan Gu

Stochastic approximation is a powerful class of algorithms with celebrated success. However, a large body of previous analysis focuses on stochastic approximations driven by contractive operators, which is not applicable in some important…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ethan Blaser , Shangtong Zhang

We consider a prospect theoretic version of the classical Q-learning algorithm for discounted reward Markov decision processes, wherein the controller perceives a distorted and noisy future reward, modeled by a nonlinearity that accentuates…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-09-02 Vivek S. Borkar , Siddharth Chandak

This paper establishes the first almost sure convergence rate and the first maximal concentration bound with exponential tails for general contractive stochastic approximation algorithms with Markovian noise. As a corollary, we also obtain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Xiaochi Qian , Zixuan Xie , Xinyu Liu , Shangtong Zhang

Recent advances have significantly improved our understanding of the sample complexity of learning in average-reward Markov decision processes (AMDPs) under the generative model. However, much less is known about the constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yukuan Wei , Xudong Li , Lin F. Yang

The current paper studies the problem of agnostic $Q$-learning with function approximation in deterministic systems where the optimal $Q$-function is approximable by a function in the class $\mathcal{F}$ with approximation error $\delta \ge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Simon S. Du , Jason D. Lee , Gaurav Mahajan , Ruosong Wang

We study the problem of estimating the optimal Q-function of $\gamma$-discounted Markov decision processes (MDPs) under the synchronous setting, where independent samples for all state-action pairs are drawn from a generative model at each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-27 Mohammad Boveiri , Peyman Mohajerin Esfahani

In an episodic Markov Decision Process (MDP) problem, an online algorithm chooses from a set of actions in a sequence of $H$ trials, where $H$ is the episode length, in order to maximize the total payoff of the chosen actions. Q-learning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Xu Zhu

We consider the problem of federated Q-learning, where $M$ agents aim to collaboratively learn the optimal Q-function of an unknown infinite-horizon Markov decision process with finite state and action spaces. We investigate the trade-off…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Sudeep Salgia , Yuejie Chi

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a classical tool to solve network control or policy optimization problems in unknown environments. The original Q-learning suffers from performance and complexity challenges across very large networks. Herein,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Talha Bozkus , Urbashi Mitra

Although Q-learning is one of the most successful algorithms for finding the best action-value function (and thus the optimal policy) in reinforcement learning, its implementation often suffers from large overestimation of Q-function values…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Huaqing Xiong , Lin Zhao , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

In this paper, we derive rates of convergence in the high-dimensional central limit theorem for Polyak--Ruppert averaged iterates generated by entropy-regularized asynchronous Q-learning with linear function approximation and a polynomial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Artemy Rubtsov , Rahul Singh , Eric Moulines , Alexey Naumov , Sergey Samsonov

We develop several provably efficient model-free reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms for infinite-horizon average-reward Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). We consider both online setting and the setting with access to a simulator. In the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Zihan Zhang , Qiaomin Xie

In this paper, we consider semi-Markov processes whose transition times and transition probabilities depend on a small parameter $\varepsilon$. Understanding the asymptotic behavior of such processes is needed in order to study the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-11-08 Leonid Koralov , Ishfaaq Mohammed Imtiyas

In deep reinforcement learning, estimating the value function to evaluate the quality of states and actions is essential. The value function is often trained using the least squares method, which implicitly assumes a Gaussian error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Motoki Omura , Takayuki Osa , Yusuke Mukuta , Tatsuya Harada

For Markov processes with absorption, we provide general criteria ensuring the existence and the exponential non-uniform convergence in total variation norm to a quasi-stationary distribution. We also characterize a subset of its domain of…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-10-24 Nicolas Champagnat , Denis Villemonais

Q-learning is a stochastic approximation version of the classic value iteration. The literature has established that Q-learning suffers from both maximization bias and slower convergence. Recently, multi-step algorithms have shown practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Antony Vijesh , Shreyas S R

It is well known that the extension of Watkins' algorithm to general function approximation settings is challenging: does the projected Bellman equation have a solution? If so, is the solution useful in the sense of generating a good…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-11 Prashant G. Mehta , Sean P. Meyn

We consider a general asynchronous Stochastic Approximation (SA) scheme featuring a weighted infinity-norm contractive operator, and prove a bound on its finite-time convergence rate on a single trajectory. Additionally, we specialize the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-02-06 Guannan Qu , Adam Wierman