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Expectation Maximization (EM) is the standard method to learn Gaussian mixtures. Yet its classic, centralized form is often infeasible, due to privacy concerns and computational and communication bottlenecks. Prior work dealt with data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-26 Pedro Valdeira , Cláudia Soares , João Xavier

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising framework for performing privacy-preserving, distributed learning with a set of clients. However, the data distribution among clients often exhibits non-IID, i.e., distribution shift, which makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Zhe Qu , Xingyu Li , Rui Duan , Yao Liu , Bo Tang , Zhuo Lu

Federated learning is a decentralized and privacy-preserving technique that enables multiple clients to collaborate with a server to learn a global model without exposing their private data. However, the presence of statistical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Shiyu Liu , Shaogao Lv , Dun Zeng , Zenglin Xu , Hui Wang , Yue Yu

In federated learning (FL), clients may have diverse objectives, and merging all clients' knowledge into one global model will cause negative transfer to local performance. Thus, clustered FL is proposed to group similar clients into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Zexi Li , Jiaxun Lu , Shuang Luo , Didi Zhu , Yunfeng Shao , Yinchuan Li , Zhimeng Zhang , Yongheng Wang , Chao Wu

Personalized Federated Learning (PFL) aims to train customized models for clients with highly heterogeneous data distributions while preserving data privacy. Existing approaches often rely on heuristics like clustering or model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Ping Guo , Tiantian Zhang , Xi Lin , Xiang Li , Zhi-Ri Tang , Qingfu Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is a setting where multiple parties with distributed data collaborate in training a joint Machine Learning (ML) model while keeping all data local at the parties. Federated clustering is an area of research within FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Morris Stallmann , Anna Wilbik

Finite mixture modelling is a popular method in the field of clustering and is beneficial largely due to its soft cluster membership probabilities. A common method for fitting finite mixture models is to employ spectral clustering, which…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-22 Liam Welsh , Phillip Shreeves

Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) are fundamental statistical tools for modeling heterogeneous data. Due to the nonconcavity of the likelihood function, the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is widely used for parameter estimation of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-11-10 Xin Bing , Dehan Kong , Bingqing Li

Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm is a widely used iterative algorithm for computing (local) maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). It can be used in an extensive range of problems, including the clustering of data based on the Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-28 Pierre Houdouin , Esa Ollila , Frederic Pascal

The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method for finding maximum likelihood estimates when data are incomplete or are treated as being incomplete. The EM algorithm and its variants are commonly used for parameter…

Computation · Statistics 2013-06-26 Ryan P. Browne , Sanjeena Subedi , Paul McNicholas

Federated Clustering (FC) is crucial to mining knowledge from unlabeled non-Independent Identically Distributed (non-IID) data provided by multiple clients while preserving their privacy. Most existing attempts learn cluster distributions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Yunfan Zhang , Yiqun Zhang , Yang Lu , Mengke Li , Xi Chen , Yiu-ming Cheung

Federated learning is a framework for distributed optimization that places emphasis on communication efficiency. In particular, it follows a client-server broadcast model and is particularly appealing because of its ability to accommodate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Han Wang , Siddartha Marella , James Anderson

In federated learning, clients share a global model that has been trained on decentralized local client data. Although federated learning shows significant promise as a key approach when data cannot be shared or centralized, current methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Edvin Listo Zec , Olof Mogren , John Martinsson , Leon René Sütfeld , Daniel Gillblad

Mixture models postulate the overall population as a mixture of finite subpopulations with unobserved membership. Fitting mixture models usually requires large sample sizes and combining data from multiple sites can be beneficial. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-19 Xiaokang Liu , Rui Duan , Raymond J. Carroll , Yang Ning , Yong Chen

Federated learning (FL) enables collaboratively training deep learning models on decentralized data. However, there are three types of heterogeneities in FL setting bringing about distinctive challenges to the canonical federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Tao Shen , Jie Zhang , Xinkang Jia , Fengda Zhang , Gang Huang , Pan Zhou , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu , Chao Wu

The Gaussian mixture model (GMM) provides a simple yet principled framework for clustering, with properties suitable for statistical inference. In this paper, we propose a new model-based clustering algorithm, called EGMM (evidential GMM),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Lianmeng Jiao , Thierry Denoeux , Zhun-ga Liu , Quan Pan

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning paradigm that enables collaborative training of machine learning models over decentralized devices without exposing their local data. One of the major challenges in FL is…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Md Sirajul Islam , Simin Javaherian , Fei Xu , Xu Yuan , Li Chen , Nian-Feng Tzeng

Chemistry research has both high material and computational costs to conduct experiments. Institutions thus consider chemical data to be valuable and there have been few efforts to construct large public datasets for machine learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Wei Zhu , Jiebo Luo , Andrew White

We focus on the problem of Personalized Federated Continual Learning (PFCL): a group of distributed clients, each with a sequence of local tasks on arbitrary data distributions, collaborate through a central server to train a personalized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Jin Xie , Chenqing Zhu , Songze Li

Federated Learning (FL) enables decentralized machine learning while preserving data privacy, making it ideal for sensitive applications where data cannot be shared. While FL has been widely studied in supervised contexts, its application…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Mirko Nardi , Lorenzo Valerio , Andrea Passarella