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Large language models (LLMs) are trained on a deluge of text data with limited quality control. As a result, LLMs can exhibit unintended or even harmful behaviours, such as leaking information, fake news or hate speech. Countermeasures,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Jingtong Su , Julia Kempe , Karen Ullrich

Fine-tuning on task-specific data to boost downstream performance is a crucial step for leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs). However, previous studies have demonstrated that fine-tuning the models on several adversarial samples or even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Han Shen , Pin-Yu Chen , Payel Das , Tianyi Chen

Agentic systems increasingly rely on language models to monitor their own behavior. For example, coding agents may self critique generated code for pull request approval or assess the safety of tool-use actions. We show that this design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Dipika Khullar , Jack Hopkins , Rowan Wang , Fabien Roger

NDAI zones let inventor and investor agents negotiate inside a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) where any disclosed information is deleted if no deal is reached. This makes full IP disclosure the rational strategy for the inventor's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Enrico Bottazzi , Pia Park

With expansive state-action spaces, efficient multi-agent exploration remains a longstanding challenge in reinforcement learning. Although pursuing novelty, diversity, or uncertainty attracts increasing attention, redundant efforts brought…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Yun Qu , Boyuan Wang , Yuhang Jiang , Jianzhun Shao , Yixiu Mao , Cheems Wang , Chang Liu , Xiangyang Ji

Consider a multi-agent systems setup in which a principal (a supervisor agent) assigns subtasks to specialized agents and aggregates their responses into a single system-level output. A core property of such systems is information…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Paulius Rauba , Simonas Cepenas , Mihaela van der Schaar

Safety-aligned LLMs go through refusal training to reject harmful requests, but whether these mechanisms remain effective under emotionally charged stimuli is unexplored. We introduce FreakOut-LLM, a framework investigating whether…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Daniel Kuznetsov , Ofir Cohen , Karin Shistik , Rami Puzis , Asaf Shabtai

Large Language Models (LLMs) are being enhanced with the ability to use tools and to process multiple modalities. These new capabilities bring new benefits and also new security risks. In this work, we show that an attacker can use visual…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Xiaohan Fu , Zihan Wang , Shuheng Li , Rajesh K. Gupta , Niloofar Mireshghallah , Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick , Earlence Fernandes

Automated Code Review (ACR) systems integrating Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in software development workflows, ranging from interactive assistants to autonomous agents in CI/CD pipelines. In this paper, we study…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Dimitris Mitropoulos , Nikolaos Alexopoulos , Georgios Alexopoulos , Diomidis Spinellis

As large language models (LLMs) become integral to various applications, ensuring both their safety and utility is paramount. Jailbreak attacks, which manipulate LLMs into generating harmful content, pose significant challenges to this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Guobin Shen , Dongcheng Zhao , Yiting Dong , Xiang He , Yi Zeng

The generalization capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to their widespread deployment across various applications. However, this increased adoption has introduced several security threats, notably in the forms of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Francesco Panebianco , Stefano Bonfanti , Francesco Trovò , Michele Carminati

While recent works have been considerably improving the quality of the natural language explanations (NLEs) generated by a model to justify its predictions, there is very limited research in detecting and alleviating inconsistencies among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Myeongjun Jang , Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder , Julian McAuley , Thomas Lukasiewicz , Oana-Maria Camburu

While large language models (LLMs) show impressive decision-making abilities, current methods lack a mechanism for automatic self-improvement from errors during task execution. We propose LEAP, an iterative fine-tuning framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Sanjiban Choudhury , Paloma Sodhi

Large Language Model (LLM) deployment requires guiding the LLM to recognize and not answer unsafe prompts while complying with safe prompts. Previous methods for achieving this require adjusting model weights along with other expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Samaksh Bhargav , Zining Zhu

As language models (LMs) are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, their robust adherence to human-assigned objectives becomes crucial for safe operation. When these agents operate independently for extended periods without human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Rauno Arike , Elizabeth Donoway , Henning Bartsch , Marius Hobbhahn

Chain-of-thought (CoT) monitoring is proposed as a method for overseeing the internal reasoning of language-model agents. Prior work has shown that when models are explicitly informed that their reasoning is being monitored, or are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Thomas Jiralerspong , Flemming Kondrup , Yoshua Bengio

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed, ensuring their safe use is paramount. Jailbreaking, adversarial prompts that bypass model alignment to trigger harmful outputs, present significant risks, with existing studies…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Yuan Xin , Dingfan Chen , Linyi Yang , Michael Backes , Xiao Zhang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enhanced their ability to process long input contexts. This development is particularly crucial for tasks that involve retrieving knowledge from an external datastore, which can result in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Zheng Zhang , Fan Yang , Ziyan Jiang , Zheng Chen , Zhengyang Zhao , Chengyuan Ma , Liang Zhao , Yang Liu

Language Models (LMs) may acquire harmful knowledge, and yet feign ignorance of these topics when under audit. Inspired by the recent discovery of deception-related behaviour patterns in LMs, we aim to train classifiers that detect when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Dhananjay Ashok , Ruth-Ann Armstrong , Jonathan May

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents often struggle in sparse-reward environments where traditional exploration strategies fail to discover effective action sequences. Large Language Models (LLMs) possess procedural knowledge and reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Vaibhav Jain , Gerrit Grossmann