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Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial for robust machine learning systems. Normalizing flows are flexible deep generative models that often surprisingly fail to distinguish between in- and out-of-distribution data: a flow…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-16 Polina Kirichenko , Pavel Izmailov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

Graph out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization remains a major challenge in graph learning since graph neural networks (GNNs) often suffer from severe performance degradation under distribution shifts. Invariant learning, aiming to extract…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Wenyu Mao , Jiancan Wu , Haoyang Liu , Yongduo Sui , Xiang Wang

In recent years, machine learning models have achieved success based on the independently and identically distributed assumption. However, this assumption can be easily violated in real-world applications, leading to the Out-of-Distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Yifan Hao , Yong Lin , Difan Zou , Tong Zhang

Foundation models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs) or Large Vision Models (LVMs), have emerged as one of the most powerful tools in the respective fields. However, unlike text and image data, graph data do not have a definitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Lecheng Kong , Jiarui Feng , Hao Liu , Chengsong Huang , Jiaxin Huang , Yixin Chen , Muhan Zhang

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs)-based recommendation algorithms typically assume that training and testing data are drawn from independent and identically distributed (IID) spaces. However, this assumption often fails in the presence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Chu Zhao , Enneng Yang , Yuliang Liang , Pengxiang Lan , Yuting Liu , Jianzhe Zhao , Guibing Guo , Xingwei Wang

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Graph structure learning is a well-established problem that aims at optimizing graph structures adaptive to specific graph datasets to help message passing neural networks (i.e., GNNs) to yield effective and robust node embeddings. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Wentao Zhao , Qitian Wu , Chenxiao Yang , Junchi Yan

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable proficiency on solving diverse problems. However, their generalization ability is not always satisfying and the generalization problem is common for generative transformer models in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Xingcheng Xu , Zihao Pan , Haipeng Zhang , Yanqing Yang

The aggressive densification of modern wireless networks necessitates judicious resource allocation to mitigate severe mutual interference. However, classical iterative algorithms remain computationally prohibitive for real-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yucheng Sheng , Jiacheng Wang , Le Liang , Hao Ye , Shi Jin

The development and evaluation of graph neural networks (GNNs) generally follow the independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) assumption. Yet this assumption is often untenable in practice due to the uncontrollable data generation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Yiming Xu , Bin Shi , Zhen Peng , Huixiang Liu , Bo Dong , Chen Chen

Data-driven machine learning (ML) is promoted as one potential technology to be used in next-generations wireless systems. This led to a large body of research work that applies ML techniques to solve problems in different layers of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Mohamed Akrout , Amal Feriani , Faouzi Bellili , Amine Mezghani , Ekram Hossain

The foundation model has heralded a new era in artificial intelligence, pretraining a single model to offer cross-domain transferability on different datasets. Graph neural networks excel at learning graph data, the omnipresent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Li Sun , Zhenhao Huang , Suyang Zhou , Qiqi Wan , Hao Peng , Philip Yu

Most deep-learning-based image classification methods assume that all samples are generated under an independent and identically distributed (IID) setting. However, out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization is more common in practice, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Xin Guo , Zhengxu Yu , Chao Xiang , Zhongming Jin , Jianqiang Huang , Deng Cai , Xiaofei He , Xian-Sheng Hua

In the field of Machine Learning (ML) and data-driven applications, one of the significant challenge is the change in data distribution between the training and deployment stages, commonly known as distribution shift. This paper outlines…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Lakpa Tamang , Mohamed Reda Bouadjenek , Richard Dazeley , Sunil Aryal

In real word applications, data generating process for training a machine learning model often differs from what the model encounters in the test stage. Understanding how and whether machine learning models generalize under such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-02-08 Abdulkadir Canatar , Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan

Feature shaping refers to a family of methods that exhibit state-of-the-art performance for out-of-distribution (OOD) detection. These approaches manipulate the feature representation, typically from the penultimate layer of a pre-trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Qinyu Zhao , Ming Xu , Kartik Gupta , Akshay Asthana , Liang Zheng , Stephen Gould

Graph Foundation Models (GFMs) have emerged as a frontier in graph learning, which are expected to deliver transferable representations across diverse tasks. However, GFMs remain constrained by in-memory bottlenecks: they attempt to encode…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Haonan Yuan , Qingyun Sun , Jiacheng Tao , Xingcheng Fu , Jianxin Li

Graphs are a widely used paradigm for representing non-Euclidean data, with applications ranging from social network analysis to biomolecular prediction. While graph learning has achieved remarkable progress, real-world graph data presents…

Recent advances in CV and NLP have inspired researchers to develop general-purpose graph foundation models through pre-training across diverse domains. However, a fundamental challenge arises from the substantial differences in graph…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shuo Wang , Bokui Wang , Zhixiang Shen , Boyan Deng , Zhao Kang