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Which transformer scaling regimes are able to perfectly solve different classes of algorithmic problems? While tremendous empirical advances have been attained by transformer-based neural networks, a theoretical understanding of their…

Why and when does depth improve generalization? We study this question in an implementation-agnostic state-transition model, where a depth-$k$ predictor is a readout class $H$ composed with the word ball $B(k,F)$ generated by hidden state…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Sho Sonoda , Yuka Hashimoto , Isao Ishikawa , Masahiro Ikeda

Speech Large Language Models route speech encoder representations into an LLM decoder that typically accounts for over 90% of total parameters. We study how much of this decoder capacity is actually needed for speech tasks. Across two LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Adel Moumen , Guangzhi Sun , Philip C Woodland

In this work, we study the effect of varying the architecture and training data quality on the data scaling properties of Neural Machine Translation (NMT). First, we establish that the test loss of encoder-decoder transformer models scales…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Yamini Bansal , Behrooz Ghorbani , Ankush Garg , Biao Zhang , Maxim Krikun , Colin Cherry , Behnam Neyshabur , Orhan Firat

Due to the large number of parameters, the inference phase of Large Language Models (LLMs) is resource-intensive. Unlike traditional model compression, which needs retraining, recent dynamic computation methods show that not all components…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Siqi Fan , Xuezhi Fang , Xingrun Xing , Peng Han , Shuo Shang , Yequan Wang

Transformers often fail to learn generalizable algorithms, instead relying on brittle heuristics. Using graph connectivity as a testbed, we explain this phenomenon both theoretically and empirically. We consider a simplified Transformer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Qilin Ye , Deqing Fu , Robin Jia , Vatsal Sharan

Generalization of deep neural networks remains one of the main open problems in machine learning. Previous theoretical works focused on deriving tight bounds of model complexity, while empirical works revealed that neural networks exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-31 James Wang , Cheng-Lin Yang

Parameter sharing has proven to be a parameter-efficient approach. Previous work on Transformers has focused on sharing parameters in different layers, which can improve the performance of models with limited parameters by increasing model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Ye Lin , Mingxuan Wang , Zhexi Zhang , Xiaohui Wang , Tong Xiao , Jingbo Zhu

Deep encoders have been proven to be effective in improving neural machine translation (NMT) systems, but training an extremely deep encoder is time consuming. Moreover, why deep models help NMT is an open question. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-09 Bei Li , Ziyang Wang , Hui Liu , Yufan Jiang , Quan Du , Tong Xiao , Huizhen Wang , Jingbo Zhu

Large Transformer models yield impressive results on many tasks, but are expensive to train, or even fine-tune, and so slow at decoding that their use and study becomes out of reach. We address this problem by leveraging sparsity. We study…

In recent years, language models have drastically grown in size, and the abilities of these models have been shown to improve with scale. The majority of recent scaling laws studies focused on high-compute high-parameter count settings,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Vijeta Deshpande , Dan Pechi , Shree Thatte , Vladislav Lialin , Anna Rumshisky

For almost 70 years, researchers have typically selected the width of neural networks' layers either manually or through automated hyperparameter tuning methods such as grid search and, more recently, neural architecture search. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Federico Errica , Henrik Christiansen , Viktor Zaverkin , Mathias Niepert , Francesco Alesiani

Scaling laws describe the relationship between the size of language models and their capabilities. Unlike prior studies that evaluate a model's capability via loss or benchmarks, we estimate the number of knowledge bits a model stores. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Zeyuan Allen-Zhu , Yuanzhi Li

Scaling models has led to significant advancements in deep learning, but training these models in decentralized settings remains challenging due to communication bottlenecks. While existing compression techniques are effective in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Sameera Ramasinghe , Thalaiyasingam Ajanthan , Gil Avraham , Yan Zuo , Alexander Long

This paper reveals a novel linear characteristic exclusive to transformer decoders, including models such as GPT, LLaMA, OPT, BLOOM and others. We analyze embedding transformations between sequential layers, uncovering a near-perfect linear…

How do neural language models acquire a language's structure when trained for next-token prediction? We address this question by deriving theoretical scaling laws for neural network performance on synthetic datasets generated by the Random…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Francesco Cagnetta , Alessandro Favero , Antonio Sclocchi , Matthieu Wyart

The guidance of scaling laws has increased the resource demands of modern large language models (LLMs), yet it remains questionable whether these models utilize resources effectively under a fixed budget. Previous research has proved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Wenjie Sun , Jinning Yang , Shuai Zhang , Mengnan Du

Recent research on deep neural networks (DNNs) has primarily focused on improving the model accuracy. Given a proper deep learning framework, it is generally possible to increase the depth or layer width to achieve a higher level of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-04 Litao Yu , Yongsheng Gao , Jun Zhou , Jian Zhang

Scaling laws guide the development of large language models (LLMs) by offering estimates for the optimal balance of model size, tokens, and compute. More recently, loss-to-loss scaling laws that relate losses across pretraining datasets and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Prasanna Mayilvahanan , Thaddäus Wiedemer , Sayak Mallick , Matthias Bethge , Wieland Brendel

The realization of complex classification tasks requires training of deep learning (DL) architectures consisting of tens or even hundreds of convolutional and fully connected hidden layers, which is far from the reality of the human brain.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Yuval Meir , Ofek Tevet , Yarden Tzach , Shiri Hodassman , Ronit D. Gross , Ido Kanter