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Although large language models (LLMs) have achieved great success in vast real-world applications, their vulnerabilities towards noisy inputs have significantly limited their uses, especially in high-stake environments. In these contexts,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-17 Zhen Zhang , Guanhua Zhang , Bairu Hou , Wenqi Fan , Qing Li , Sijia Liu , Yang Zhang , Shiyu Chang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied as automatic evaluators for natural language generation assessment often using pairwise comparative judgements. Existing approaches typically rely on single judges or aggregate multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Mengjie Qian , Guangzhi Sun , Mark J. F. Gales , Kate M. Knill

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in academic peer review, yet their reliability, alignment with human judgment, and robustness to adversarial attacks remain poorly understood. We present a systematic benchmark of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lingyao Li , Junjie Xiong , Changjia Zhu , Runlong Yu , Chen Chen , Junyu Wang , Renkai Ma , Zhicong Lu

As LLMs are deployed in high-stakes settings, users must judge the correctness of individual responses, often relying on model-generated justifications such as reasoning chains or explanations. Yet, no standard measure exists for whether…

Grammar competency estimation is essential for assessing linguistic proficiency in both written and spoken language; however, the spoken modality presents additional challenges due to its spontaneous, unstructured, and disfluent nature.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Sourya Dipta Das , Shubham Kumar , Kuldeep Yadav

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capability to generalize across a large number of NLP tasks. For industry applications, it is imperative to assess the performance of the LLM on unlabeled production data from time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Wei Du , Laksh Advani , Yashmeet Gambhir , Daniel J Perry , Prashant Shiralkar , Zhengzheng Xing , Aaron Colak

Learning exists in the context of data, yet notions of confidence typically focus on model predictions, not label quality. Confident learning (CL) is an alternative approach which focuses instead on label quality by characterizing and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-23 Curtis G. Northcutt , Lu Jiang , Isaac L. Chuang

Large Audio-Language Models (LALMs) as judges have emerged as a prominent approach for evaluating speech generation quality, yet their ability to assess speaker consistency across multi-turn dialogues remains unexplored. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jonggeun Lee , Junseong Pyo , Gyuhyeon Seo , Yohan Jo

Learning with noisy labels (LNL) is typically benchmarked by closed-set classification accuracy, yet deployment often requires classifiers to reject out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. We present a learner-agnostic ACC-OOD benchmark that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ningkang Peng , Jingyang Mao , Runhan Zhou , Peirong Ma , Yanhui Gu

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as automatic judges for summarization and dialogue evaluation. Prior work has documented biases such as position, verbosity, and style preferences, but largely focuses on outcomes, leaving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Riya Tapwal , Abhishek Kumar , Carsten Maple

The use of natural language (NL) test cases for validating graphical user interface (GUI) applications is emerging as a promising direction to manually written executable test scripts, which are costly to develop and difficult to maintain.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Sébastien Salva , Redha Taguelmimt

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly relied upon to evaluate text outputs of other LLMs, thereby influencing leaderboards and development decisions. However, concerns persist over the accuracy of these assessments and the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Sumanth Doddapaneni , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Sshubam Verma , Mitesh M. Khapra

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as judges of chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning, but it remains unclear whether they can reliably assess process faithfulness rather than just answer plausibility. We introduce C2-Faith, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Avni Mittal , Rauno Arike

Large language models (LLMs) are notorious for hallucinating, i.e., producing erroneous claims in their output. Such hallucinations can be dangerous, as occasional factual inaccuracies in the generated text might be obscured by the rest of…

Recently, deep learning models have been widely applied in program understanding tasks, and these models achieve state-of-the-art results on many benchmark datasets. A major challenge of deep learning for program understanding is that the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Wenhan Wang , Yanzhou Li , Anran Li , Jian Zhang , Wei Ma , Yang Liu

Unjudged documents or holes in information retrieval benchmarks are considered non-relevant in evaluation, yielding no gains in measuring effectiveness. However, these missing judgments may inadvertently introduce biases into the evaluation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Shivani Upadhyay , Ehsan Kamalloo , Jimmy Lin

The paradigm of LLM-as-a-judge relies on a critical assumption, namely that high inter-evaluator agreement indicates reliable and objective evaluation. We present two complementary findings that challenge this assumption. \textbf{First}, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Mingyang Song , Mao Zheng , Chenning Xu

The development of LLMs has greatly enhanced the intelligence and fluency of question answering, while the emergence of retrieval enhancement has enabled models to better utilize external information. However, the presence of noise and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Xingyun Hong , Yan Shao , Zhilin Wang , Manni Duan , Jin Xiongnan

Test-time scaling via solution sampling and aggregation has become a key paradigm for improving the reasoning performance of Large Language Models (LLMs). While reward model selection is commonly employed in this approach, it often fails to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Yongxin Wang , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang