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Quantum state tomography is an essential component of modern quantum technology. In application to continuous-variable harmonic-oscilator systems, such as the electromagnetic field, existing tomography methods typically reconstruct the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-09 Ekaterina Fedotova , Nikolai Kuznetsov , Egor Tiunov , A. E. Ulanov , A. I. Lvovsky

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the procedure for reconstructing unknown quantum states from a series of measurements of different observables. Depending on the physical system, different sets of observables have been used for this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-02 Jingfu Zhang , Swathi S. Hegde , Dieter Suter

The quantum state associated to an unknown experimental preparation procedure can be determined by performing quantum state tomography. If the statistical uncertainty in the data dominates over other experimental errors, then a tomographic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-15 Jessica O. de Almeida , Matthias Kleinmann , Gael Sentís

We describe an algorithm for quantum state tomography that converges in polynomial time to an estimate, together with a rigorous error bound on the fidelity between the estimate and the true state. The result suggests that state tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-23 Steven T. Flammia , David Gross , Stephen D. Bartlett , Rolando Somma

Quantum state tomography (QST) via local measurements on reduced density matrices (LQST) is a promising approach but becomes impractical for large systems. To tackle this challenge, we developed an efficient quantum state tomography method…

Modern day quantum simulators can prepare a wide variety of quantum states but the accurate estimation of observables from tomographic measurement data often poses a challenge. We tackle this problem by developing a quantum state tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-27 Tobias Schmale , Moritz Reh , Martin Gärttner

Verifying the proper preparation of quantum states is essential in modern quantum information science. Various protocols have been developed to estimate the fidelity of quantum states produced by different parties. Direct fidelity…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 Christopher Vairogs , Bin Yan

An arbitrary quantum-optical process (channel) can be completely characterized by probing it with coherent states using the recently developed coherent-state quantum process tomography (QPT) [Lobino et al., Science 322, 563 (2008)]. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-08-09 Xiang-Bin Wang , Zong-Wen Yu , Jia-Zhong Hu , Adam Miranowicz , Franco Nori

Quantum gate set tomography (GST) has emerged as a promising method for the full characterization of quantum logic gates. In contrast to quantum process tomography (QPT), GST self-consistently and correctly accounts for state preparation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-11 Daniel Greenbaum

Quantum state verification (QSV) is the task of relying on local measurements only to verify that a given quantum device does produce the desired target state. Up to now, certain types of entangled states can be verified efficiently or even…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Ye-Chao Liu , Yinfei Li , Jiangwei Shang , Xiangdong Zhang

Quantum state tomography (QST) is essential for validating quantum devices but suffers from exponential scaling in system size. Neural-network quantum states, such as Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs), can efficiently parameterize…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-30 Simon Tonner , Viet T. Tran , Richard Kueng

We present a method for quantum state tomography that enables the efficient estimation, with fixed precision, of any of the matrix elements of the density matrix of a state, provided that the states from the basis in which the matrix is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Ariel Bendersky , Juan Pablo Paz

Precise reconstruction of unknown quantum states from measurement data, a process commonly called quantum state tomography, is a crucial component in the development of quantum information processing technologies. Many different tomography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-28 Ingrid Strandberg

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the art of reconstructing an unknown quantum state through measurements. It is a key primitive for developing quantum technologies. Neural network quantum state tomography (NNQST), which aims to reconstruct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Victor Wei , W. A. Coish , Pooya Ronagh , Christine A. Muschik

Reconstructing quantum states from measurement data represents a formidable challenge in quantum information science, especially as system sizes grow beyond the reach of traditional tomography methods. While recent studies have explored…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-06 Shabnam Jabeen , Dmytro Kurdydyk , Aadi Palnitkar , Mihir Talati , Jeffrey Yan , Jinghong Yang

Quantum State Tomography (QST) has been the traditional method for characterization of an unknown state. Recently, many direct measurement methods have been implemented to reconstruct the state in a resource efficient way. In this letter,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-23 Surya Narayan Sahoo , Sanchari Chakraborti , Arun K. Pati , Urbasi Sinha

Quantum state tomography (QST), the process of reconstructing some unknown quantum state $\hat\rho$ from repeated measurements on copies of said state, is a foundationally important task in the context of quantum computation and simulation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Nathan Keenan , John Goold , Alex Nico-Katz

Tomography of a quantum state is usually based on positive operator-valued measure (POVM) and on their experimental statistics. Among the available reconstructions, the maximum-likelihood (MaxLike) technique is an efficient one. We propose…

Quantum state tomography, aimed at deriving a classical description of an unknown state from measurement data, is a fundamental task in quantum physics. In this work, we analyse the ultimate achievable performance of tomography of…

Quantum state tomography--the practice of estimating a quantum state by performing measurements on it--is useful in a variety of contexts. We introduce "gentle tomography" as a version of tomography that preserves the measured quantum data.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Charles H. Bennett , Aram W. Harrow , Seth Lloyd