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Inference-time alignment for diffusion models aims to adapt a pre-trained reference diffusion model toward a target distribution without retraining the reference score network, thereby preserving the generative capacity of the reference…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-05 Jinyuan Chang , Chenguang Duan , Yuling Jiao , Yi Xu , Jerry Zhijian Yang

Diffusion models are an important tool for generative modelling, serving as effective priors in applications such as imaging and protein design. A key challenge in applying diffusion models for downstream tasks is efficiently sampling from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Alexander Denker , Shreyas Padhy , Francisco Vargas , Johannes Hertrich

Recently, conditional score-based diffusion models have gained significant attention in the field of supervised speech enhancement, yielding state-of-the-art performance. However, these methods may face challenges when generalising to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-20 Berné Nortier , Mostafa Sadeghi , Romain Serizel

Conditional diffusion models serve as the foundation of modern image synthesis and find extensive application in fields like computational biology and reinforcement learning. In these applications, conditional diffusion models incorporate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hengyu Fu , Zhuoran Yang , Mengdi Wang , Minshuo Chen

We study score-based diffusion modelling in infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert spaces through Malliavin calculus, extending the analysis of generative models beyond the finite-dimensional setting. The forward diffusion process is…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Ehsan Mirafzali , Frank Proske , Daniele Venturi , Razvan Marinescu

Diffusion models generate samples by estimating the score function of the target distribution at various noise levels. The model is trained using samples drawn from the target distribution by progressively adding noise. Previous sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Syamantak Kumar , Dheeraj Nagaraj , Purnamrita Sarkar

This paper explores the use of score-based diffusion models for Bayesian image reconstruction. Diffusion models are an efficient tool for generative modeling. Diffusion models can also be used for solving image reconstruction problems. We…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-06 Michael T. McCann , Hyungjin Chung , Jong Chul Ye , Marc L. Klasky

In the field of inverse estimation for systems modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs), challenges arise when estimating high- (or even infinite-) dimensional parameters. Typically, the ill-posed nature of such problems…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Yankun Hong , Harshit Bansal , Karen Veroy

We study zero-shot conditional sampling with pretrained diffusion models for linear inverse problems, including inpainting and super-resolution. In these problems, the observation determines only part of the unknown signal. The remaining…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Ahmad Aghapour , Erhan Bayraktar , Asaf Cohen

Guidance serves as a key concept in diffusion models, yet its effectiveness is often limited by the need for extra data annotation or classifier pretraining. That is why guidance was harnessed from self-supervised learning backbones, like…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Vincent Tao Hu , Yunlu Chen , Mathilde Caron , Yuki M. Asano , Cees G. M. Snoek , Bjorn Ommer

The statistical inverse problem of estimating the probability distribution of an infinite-dimensional unknown given its noisy indirect observation is studied in the Bayesian framework. In practice, one often considers only…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-11-21 Sari Lasanen

We study conditional generation in diffusion models under hard constraints, where generated samples must satisfy prescribed events with probability one. Such constraints arise naturally in safety-critical applications and in rare-event…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zhengyi Guo , Wenpin Tang , Renyuan Xu

We propose self-diffusion, a novel framework for solving inverse problems without relying on pretrained generative models. Traditional diffusion-based approaches require training a model on a clean dataset to learn to reverse the forward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Guanxiong Luo , Shoujin Huang , Yanlong Yang

Diffusion-based methods represented as stochastic differential equations on a continuous-time domain have recently proven successful as a non-adversarial generative model. Training such models relies on denoising score matching, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Sarthak Mittal , Korbinian Abstreiter , Stefan Bauer , Bernhard Schölkopf , Arash Mehrjou

Diffusion models have demonstrated empirical successes in various applications and can be adapted to task-specific needs via guidance. This paper studies a form of gradient guidance for adapting a pre-trained diffusion model towards…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-17 Yingqing Guo , Hui Yuan , Yukang Yang , Minshuo Chen , Mengdi Wang

Modelling partial differential equations (PDEs) is of crucial importance in science and engineering, and it includes tasks ranging from forecasting to inverse problems, such as data assimilation. However, most previous numerical and machine…

Generative diffusion models and many stochastic models in science and engineering naturally live in infinite dimensions before discretisation. To incorporate observed data for statistical and learning tasks, one needs to condition on…

Many inverse problems are ill-posed and need to be complemented by prior information that restricts the class of admissible models. Bayesian approaches encode this information as prior distributions that impose generic properties on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Julian L. Möbius , Michael Habeck

Score-based methods, such as diffusion models and Bayesian inverse problems, are often interpreted as learning the data distribution in the low-noise limit ($\sigma \to 0$). In this work, we propose an alternative perspective: their success…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-17 Xiang Li , Zebang Shen , Ya-Ping Hsieh , Niao He

Diffusion models have recently attained significant interest within the community owing to their strong performance as generative models. Furthermore, its application to inverse problems have demonstrated state-of-the-art performance.…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-22 Hyungjin Chung , Byeongsu Sim , Jong Chul Ye