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Search-base algorithms have widespread applications in different scenarios. Grover's quantum search algorithms and its generalization, amplitude amplification, provide a quadratic speedup over classical search algorithms for unstructured…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-21 Xiaoyu He , Jialin Zhang , Xiaoming Sun

Grover's algorithm is a quantum query algorithm solving the unstructured search problem of size $N$ using $O(\sqrt{N})$ queries. It provides a significant speed-up over any classical algorithm \cite{Gro96}. The running time of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-24 Dmitry Kravchenko , Nikolajs Nahimovs , Alexander Rivosh

We formulate Grover's unstructured search algorithm as a chiral quantum walk, where transitioning in one direction has a phase conjugate to transitioning in the opposite direction. For small phases, this breaking of time-reversal symmetry…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-22 Thomas G. Wong

Consider the unstructured search of an unknown number l of items in a large unsorted database of size N. The multi-object quantum search algorithm consists of two parts. The first part of the algorithm is to generalize Grover's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Goong Chen , Zijian Diao

The search of an unstructured database amounts to finding one element having a certain property out of $N$ elements. The classical search with an oracle checking one element at a time requires on average $N/2$ steps. The Grover algorithm…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-05 Armen E. Allahverdyan , David Petrosyan

Grover's algorithm is a quantum search algorithm that proceeds by repeated applications of the Grover operator and the Oracle until the state evolves to one of the target states. In the standard version of the algorithm, the Grover operator…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-14 Tim Byrnes , Gary Forster , Louis Tessler

The Grover quantum search algorithm is generalized to deal with an arbitrary mixed initial state. The probability to measure a marked state as a function of time is calculated, and found to depend strongly on the specific initial state. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Eli Biham , Dan Kenigsberg

Quantum searching for one of $N$ marked items in an unsorted database of $n$ items is solved in $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{n/N})$ steps using Grover's algorithm. Using nonlinear quantum dynamics with a Gross-Pitaevskii type quadratic nonlinearity,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-12-12 K. de Lacy , L. Noakes

Quantum computation, in particular Grover's algorithm, has aroused a great deal of interest since it allows for a quadratic speedup to be obtained in search procedures. Classical search procedures for an $N$ element database require at most…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-02-09 Luís Tarrataca , Andreas Wichert

A quantum walk on a lattice is a paradigm of a quantum search in a database. The database qubit strings are the lattice sites, qubit rotations are tunneling events, and the target site is tagged by an energy shift. For quantum walks on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Emma C. King , Moritz Linnebacher , Peter P. Orth , Matteo Rizzi , Giovanna Morigi

Grover's algorithm accelerates unstructured database search quadratically compared to classical algorithms. In the NISQ era, distributed quantum computing can decrease circuit depth and reduce noise. In this paper, an algorithm for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-16 Huaijing Huang , Daowen Qiu , Ximing Hua , Xinyu Chen

The search problem is to find a state satisfying certain properties out of a given set. Grover's algorithm drives a quantum computer from a prepared initial state to the target state and solves the problem quadratically faster than a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Avatar Tulsi

The use of superposition of states in quantum computation, known as quantum parallelism, has significant advantage in terms of speed over the classical computation. It can be understood from the early invented quantum algorithms such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-17 Pulak Ranjan Giri , Vladimir E. Korepin

Quantum computing has noteworthy speedup over classical computing by taking advantage of quantum parallelism, i.e., the superposition of states. In particular, quantum search is widely used in various computationally hard problems. Grover's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-29 Ji Liu , Huiyang Zhou

We generalize Grover's unstructured quantum search algorithm to enable it to use an arbitrary starting superposition and an arbitrary unitary matrix simultaneously. We derive an exact formula for the probability of the generalized Grover's…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 Robert Gingrich , Colin P. Williams , Nicolas Cerf

Unstructured search remains as one of the significant challenges in computer science, as classical search algorithms become increasingly impractical for large-scale systems due to their linear time complexity. Quantum algorithms, notably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Harishankar Mishra , Asvija Balasubramanyam , Gudapati Naresh Raghava

Grover's quantum algorithm improves any classical search algorithm. We show how random Gaussian noise at each step of the algorithm can be modelled easily because of the exact recursion formulas available for computing the quantum amplitude…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 B. Pablo-Norman , M. Ruiz-Altaba

Grover's quantum search algorithm can be formulated as a quantum particle randomly walking on the (highly symmetric) complete graph, with one vertex marked by a nonzero potential. From an initial equal superposition, the state evolves in a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-05-30 Jonatan Janmark , David A. Meyer , Thomas G. Wong

Grover's quantum search algorithm is analyzed for the case in which the initial state is an arbitrary pure quantum state $|\phi>$ of $n$ qubits. It is shown that the optimal time to perform the measurement is independent of $| \phi>$,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 O. Biham , D. Shapira , Y. Shimoni

Grover's algorithm for quantum searching of a database is generalized to deal with arbitrary initial amplitude distributions. First order linear difference equations are found for the time evolution of the amplitudes of the r marked and N-r…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 David Biron , Ofer Biham , Eli Biham , Markus Grassl , Daniel A. Lidar