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Time series forecasting requires architectures that simultaneously achieve three competing objectives: (1) strict temporal causality for reliable predictions, (2) sub-quadratic complexity for practical scalability, and (3) multi-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Qianru Zhang , Honggang Wen , Ming Li , Dong Huang , Siu-Ming Yiu , Christian S. Jensen , Pietro Liò

Recent CNN and Transformer-based models tried to utilize frequency and periodicity information for long-term time series forecasting. However, most existing work is based on Fourier transform, which cannot capture fine-grained and local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Peiyuan Liu , Beiliang Wu , Naiqi Li , Tao Dai , Fengmao Lei , Jigang Bao , Yong Jiang , Shu-Tao Xia

Due to the inherent complexity, temporal patterns in real-world time series often evolve across multiple intertwined scales, including long-term periodicity, short-term fluctuations, and abrupt regime shifts. While existing literature has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yubo Wang , Hui He , Chaoxi Niu , Zhendong Niu

This paper presents \textbf{FreEformer}, a simple yet effective model that leverages a \textbf{Fre}quency \textbf{E}nhanced Trans\textbf{former} for multivariate time series forecasting. Our work is based on the assumption that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-27 Wenzhen Yue , Yong Liu , Xianghua Ying , Bowei Xing , Ruohao Guo , Ji Shi

In deep time series forecasting, the Fourier Transform (FT) is extensively employed for frequency representation learning. However, it often struggles in capturing multi-scale, time-sensitive patterns. Although the Wavelet Transform (WT)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Ziyu Zhou , Jiaxi Hu , Qingsong Wen , James T. Kwok , Yuxuan Liang

Biomedical signal classification presents unique challenges due to long sequences, complex temporal dynamics, and multi-scale frequency patterns that are poorly captured by standard transformer architectures. We propose WaveFormer, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Habib Irani , Bikram De , Vangelis Metsis

The Transformer is a highly successful deep learning model that has revolutionised the world of artificial neural networks, first in natural language processing and later in computer vision. This model is based on the attention mechanism…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Riccardo Ughi , Eugenio Lomurno , Matteo Matteucci

Transformers for time series forecasting mainly model time series from limited or fixed scales, making it challenging to capture different characteristics spanning various scales. We propose Pathformer, a multi-scale Transformer with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Peng Chen , Yingying Zhang , Yunyao Cheng , Yang Shu , Yihang Wang , Qingsong Wen , Bin Yang , Chenjuan Guo

Time series data in real-world scenarios contain a substantial amount of nonlinear information, which significantly interferes with the training process of models, leading to decreased prediction performance. Therefore, during the time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Dandan Zhang , Zhiqiang Zhang , Nanguang Chen , Yun Wang

Multivariate time series forecasting involves predicting future values based on historical observations. However, existing approaches primarily rely on predefined single-scale patches or lack effective mechanisms for multi-scale feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Huanyao Zhang , Jiaye Lin , Wentao Zhang , Haitao Yuan , Guoliang Li

Unsupervised anomaly detection of multivariate time series is a challenging task, given the requirements of deriving a compact detection criterion without accessing the anomaly points. The existing methods are mainly based on reconstruction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Qingxiang Liu , Xiaoliang Luo , Chenghao Liu , Sheng Sun , Di Yao , Lvchun Wang , Wei Yu , Yuxuan Liang

Multi-horizon forecasting problems often contain a complex mix of inputs -- including static (i.e. time-invariant) covariates, known future inputs, and other exogenous time series that are only observed historically -- without any prior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-29 Bryan Lim , Sercan O. Arik , Nicolas Loeff , Tomas Pfister

Accurate beam prediction is essential for maintaining reliable links and high spectral efficiency in dynamic low-altitude wireless networks. However, existing approaches often fail to capture the deep correlations across heterogeneous…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Xiaotong Zhao , Yuanhao Cui , Weijie Yuan , Ziye Jia , Heng Liu , Chengwen Xing

The recent boom of linear forecasting models questions the ongoing passion for architectural modifications of Transformer-based forecasters. These forecasters leverage Transformers to model the global dependencies over temporal tokens of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Yong Liu , Tengge Hu , Haoran Zhang , Haixu Wu , Shiyu Wang , Lintao Ma , Mingsheng Long

While numerous forecasters have been proposed using different network architectures, the Transformer-based models have state-of-the-art performance in time series forecasting. However, forecasters based on Transformers are still suffering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Kun Yi , Jingru Fei , Qi Zhang , Hui He , Shufeng Hao , Defu Lian , Wei Fan

The intricate nature of time series data analysis benefits greatly from the distinct advantages offered by time and frequency domain representations. While the time domain is superior in representing local dependencies, particularly in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Hengyu Ye , Jiadong Chen , Shijin Gong , Fuxin Jiang , Tieying Zhang , Jianjun Chen , Xiaofeng Gao

Although Transformer-based methods have significantly improved state-of-the-art results for long-term series forecasting, they are not only computationally expensive but more importantly, are unable to capture the global view of time series…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Tian Zhou , Ziqing Ma , Qingsong Wen , Xue Wang , Liang Sun , Rong Jin

Transformer-based methods have shown great potential in long-term time series forecasting. However, most of these methods adopt the standard point-wise self-attention mechanism, which not only becomes intractable for long-term forecasting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Dazhao Du , Bing Su , Zhewei Wei

Financial markets are inherently volatile and prone to sudden disruptions such as market crashes, flash collapses, and liquidity crises. Accurate anomaly detection and early risk forecasting in financial time series are therefore crucial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ziling Fan , Ruijia Liang , Yiwen Hu

Passenger demand forecasting helps optimize vehicle scheduling, thereby improving urban efficiency. Recently, attention-based methods have been used to adequately capture the dynamic nature of spatio-temporal data. However, existing methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Haichen Wang , Liu Yang , Xinyuan Zhang , Haomin Yu , Ming Li , Jilin Hu