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As NLP evaluation shifts from static benchmarks to multi-turn interactive settings, LLM-based simulators have become widely used as user proxies, serving two roles: generating user turns and providing evaluation signals. Yet, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Xuhui Zhou , Weiwei Sun , Qianou Ma , Yiqing Xie , Jiarui Liu , Weihua Du , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang , Graham Neubig , Sherry Tongshuang Wu , Maarten Sap

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly deployed for complex, tool-based tasks where long-term memory is critical to driving actions. Existing benchmarks, however, primarily test a angent's ability to passively retrieve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Yiting Shen , Kun Li , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

We present a scalable pipeline for automatically generating high-quality training data for web agents. In particular, a major challenge in identifying high-quality training instances is trajectory evaluation - quantifying how much progress…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lajanugen Logeswaran , Jaekyeom Kim , Sungryull Sohn , Creighton Glasscock , Honglak Lee

Tool-augmented large language models (LLMs) are increasingly employed in real-world applications, but tool usage errors still hinder their reliability. We introduce ToolCritic, a diagnostic framework that evaluates and improves LLM behavior…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Hassan Hamad , Yingru Xu , Liang Zhao , Wenbo Yan , Narendra Gyanchandani

Data-driven methods have great advantages in modeling complicated human behavioral dynamics and dealing with many human-robot interaction applications. However, collecting massive and annotated real-world human datasets has been a laborious…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Zhuo Xu , Rui Zhou , Yida Yin , Huidong Gao , Masayoshi Tomizuka , Jiachen Li

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated strong reasoning and role-playing capabilities, opening new opportunities for agent-based social simulations. However, most existing agents' implementations are scenario-tailored,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuwei Yan , Jinghua Piao , Xiaochong Lan , Chenyang Shao , Pan Hui , Yong Li

Simulation is a prospective method for generating diverse and realistic traffic scenarios to aid in the development of driving decision-making systems. However, existing simulators often fall short in diverse scenarios or interactive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Yueyuan Li , Songan Zhang , Mingyang Jiang , Xingyuan Chen , Yeqiang Qian , Chunxiang Wang , Ming Yang

Integrating external tools into Large Foundation Models (LFMs) has emerged as a promising approach to enhance their problem-solving capabilities. While existing studies have demonstrated strong performance in tool-augmented Visual Question…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Shaofeng Yin , Ting Lei , Yang Liu

As multimodal LLM-driven agents advance in autonomy and generalization, traditional static datasets face inherent scalability limitations and are insufficient for fully assessing their capabilities in increasingly complex and diverse tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yurun Chen , Xavier Hu , Yuhan Liu , Ziqi Wang , Zeyi Liao , Lin Chen , Feng Wei , Yuxi Qian , Bo Zheng , Keting Yin , Shengyu Zhang

Training agentic models for terminal-based tasks critically depends on high-quality terminal trajectories that capture realistic long-horizon interactions across diverse domains. However, constructing such data at scale remains challenging…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Siwei Wu , Yizhi Li , Yuyang Song , Wei Zhang , Yang Wang , Riza Batista-Navarro , Xian Yang , Mingjie Tang , Bryan Dai , Jian Yang , Chenghua Lin

Large language models (LLMs) can reshape information processing by handling data analysis, visualization, and interpretation in an interactive, context-aware dialogue with users, including voice interaction, while maintaining high…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Mohammad Nour Al Awad , Sergey Ivanov , Olga Tikhonova , Ivan Khodnenko

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in orchestrating tools for reasoning tasks. However, existing methods rely on a step-wise paradigm that lacks a global perspective, which causes error accumulation over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Tairan Huang , Siyu Shang , Qiang Chen , Xiu Su , Yi Chen

The increasing adoption of agentic workflows across diverse domains brings a critical need to scalably and systematically evaluate the complex traces these systems generate. Current evaluation methods depend on manual, domain-specific human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Darshan Deshpande , Varun Gangal , Hersh Mehta , Jitin Krishnan , Anand Kannappan , Rebecca Qian

Agentic multimodal models should not only comprehend text and images, but also actively invoke external tools, such as code execution environments and web search, and integrate these operations into reasoning. In this work, we introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Jack Hong , Chenxiao Zhao , ChengLin Zhu , Weiheng Lu , Guohai Xu , Xing Yu

Equipping Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools enables them to solve complex real-world problems. However, the robustness of existing methods remains a critical challenge when confronting novel or evolving tools. Existing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xingjie Gao , Pengcheng Huang , Zhenghao Liu , Yukun Yan , Shuo Wang , Zulong Chen , Chen Qian , Ge Yu , Yu Gu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into tool-using agents, they remain brittle in long-horizon interactions. Unlike mathematical reasoning where errors are often rectifiable via backtracking, tool-use failures frequently induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shengda Fan , Xuyan Ye , Yupeng Huo , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yiju Guo , Shenzhi Yang , Wenkai Yang , Shuqi Ye , Jingwen Chen , Haotian Chen , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin

Tool learning empowers large language models (LLMs) as agents to use external tools and extend their utility. Existing methods employ one single LLM-based agent to iteratively select and execute tools, thereafter incorporating execution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zhengliang Shi , Shen Gao , Xiuyi Chen , Yue Feng , Lingyong Yan , Haibo Shi , Dawei Yin , Pengjie Ren , Suzan Verberne , Zhaochun Ren

As large language models (LLMs) advance, their inability to autonomously execute tasks by directly interacting with external tools remains a critical limitation. Traditional methods rely on inputting tool descriptions as context, which is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Renxi Wang , Xudong Han , Lei Ji , Shu Wang , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

Today, tool-calling agents are commonly evaluated or tested on static datasets of execution traces, including input commands, agent responses, and associated tool calls. However, internal production datasets are often insufficient or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Shuaiqi Wang , Aadyaa Maddi , Zinan Lin , Giulia Fanti

Tool planning with large language models (LLMs), referring to selecting, organizing, and preparing the tools necessary to complete a user request, bridges the gap between natural language understanding and task execution. However, current…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenjie Chen , Wenbin Li , Di Yao , Xuying Meng , Chang Gong , Jingping Bi