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This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) behave when faced with discrepancies between their parametric knowledge and conflicting information contained in a prompt. Building on prior question-answering (QA) research, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Jaesung Bae , Cameron Churchwell , Mitchell Hermon , Tsun-An Hsieh , Jocelyn Xu , Yekaterina Yegorova , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Heng Ji

Large Language Models (LLMs), though shown to be effective in many applications, can vary significantly in their response quality. In this paper, we investigate this problem of prompt fairness: specifically, the phrasing of a prompt by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Meiyu Zhong , Noel Teku , Ravi Tandon

There is an increasing interest in using language models (LMs) for automated decision-making, with multiple countries actively testing LMs to aid in military crisis decision-making. To scrutinize relying on LM decision-making in high-stakes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Aryan Shrivastava , Jessica Hullman , Max Lamparth

In the era of large language models (LLMs), code benchmarks have become an important research area in software engineering and are widely used by practitioners. These benchmarks evaluate the performance of LLMs on specific code-related…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

Large language models (LLMs) can perform recommendation tasks by taking prompts written in natural language as input. Compared to traditional methods such as collaborative filtering, LLM-based recommendation offers advantages in handling…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Genki Kusano , Kosuke Akimoto , Kunihiro Takeoka

Large language models (LLMs) show potential as simulators of human behavior, offering a scalable way to study responses to interventions. However, because LLMs are trained largely on observational data, interventions in experiments with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Victoria Lin , Taedong Yun , Maja Matarić , John Canny , Arthur Gretton , Alexander D'Amour

Large language models (LLMs) are stochastic, and not all models give deterministic answers, even when setting temperature to zero with a fixed random seed. However, few benchmark studies attempt to quantify uncertainty, partly due to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Robert E. Blackwell , Jon Barry , Anthony G. Cohn

This paper investigates the potentials of Large Language Models (LLMs) as adaptive tutors in the context of second-language learning. In particular, we evaluate whether system prompting can reliably constrain LLMs to generate only text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Mina Almasi , Ross Deans Kristensen-McLachlan

With the incredible advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), many people have started using them to satisfy their information needs. However, utilizing LLMs might be problematic for political issues where disagreement is common and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Salah Feras Alali , Mohammad Nashat Maasfeh , Mucahid Kutlu , Saban Kardas

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in educational technologies for a variety of tasks, from generating instructional materials and assisting with assessment design to tutoring. While prior work has investigated how models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kirk Vanacore , Rene F. Kizilcec

Recent advances in prompt engineering enable large language models (LLMs) to solve multi-hop logical reasoning problems with impressive accuracy. However, there is little existing work investigating the robustness of LLMs with few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Hongyi Zheng , Abulhair Saparov

Large Language Models (LLMs) can reason over natural-language inputs, but their role in intrusion detection without fine-tuning remains uncertain. This study evaluates a prompt-only approach on UNSW-NB15 by converting each network flow to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Mohammad Abdul Rehman , Syed Imad Ali Shah , Abbas Anwar , Noor Islam

Even when decoding with temperature $T=0$, large language models (LLMs) can produce divergent outputs for identical inputs. Recent work by Thinking Machines Lab highlights implementation-level sources of nondeterminism, including batch-size…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Alberto Messina , Stefano Scotta

Industrial machine fault diagnosis is a critical component of operational efficiency and safety in manufacturing environments. Traditional methods rely heavily on expert knowledge and specific machine learning models, which can be limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Apiradee Boonmee , Kritsada Wongsuwan , Pimchanok Sukjai

Large language models are highly sensitive to prompts, but this sensitivity is usually studied through task-relevant instructions, demonstrations, or reasoning cues. In this paper, we study a different form of prompt sensitivity: whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Pawel Batorski , Abtin Pourhadi , Jerzy Sarosiek , Przemyslaw Spurek , Paul Swoboda

Large Language Models (LLMs) have great potential in the field of health care, yet they face great challenges in adapting to rapidly evolving medical knowledge. This can lead to outdated or contradictory treatment suggestions. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Weiyi Wu , Xinwen Xu , Chongyang Gao , Xingjian Diao , Siting Li , Lucas A. Salas , Jiang Gui

Prompt optimization algorithms for Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in multi-step reasoning but still lack effective uncertainty estimation. This paper introduces a benchmark dataset to evaluate uncertainty metrics, focusing on Answer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Pei-Fu Guo , Yun-Da Tsai , Shou-De Lin

When using large language models (LLMs) in high-stakes applications, we need to know when we can trust their predictions. Some works argue that prompting high-performance LLMs is sufficient to produce calibrated uncertainties, while others…

We investigate a surprising limitation of LLMs: their inability to consistently generate text in a user's desired language. We create the Language Confusion Benchmark (LCB) to evaluate such failures, covering 15 typologically diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kelly Marchisio , Wei-Yin Ko , Alexandre Bérard , Théo Dehaze , Sebastian Ruder

Large Language Models (LLMs) can be tasked with scoring texts according to pre-defined criteria and on a defined scale, but there is no recognised optimal prompting strategy for this. This article focuses on the task of LLMs scoring journal…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mike Thelwall