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We introduce a notion of nuclear numerical range defined as the set of expectation values of a given operator $A$ among normalized pure states, which belong to the nucleus of an auxiliary operator $Z$. This notion proves to be applicable to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-31 Patryk Lipka-Bartosik , Karol Życzkowski

By taking into account the physical nature of quantum errors it is possible to improve the efficiency of quantum error correction. Here we consider an optimisation to conventional quantum error correction which involves exploiting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-09-26 Z. W. E. Evans , A. M. Stephens , J. H. Cole , L. C. L. Hollenberg

Quantum codes are subspaces of the state space of a quantum system that are used to protect quantum information. Some common classes of quantum codes are stabilizer (or additive) codes, non-stabilizer (or non-additive) codes obtained from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-09-05 Hari Dilip Kumar , B. Sundar Rajan

Quantum error correction is essential for the development of any scalable quantum computer. In this work we introduce a generalization of a quantum interleaving method for combating clusters of errors in toric quantum error-correcting…

Recent progress in quantum computing has enabled systems with tens of reliable logical qubits, built from thousands of noisy physical qubits. However, many impactful applications demand quantum computations with millions of logical qubits,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Daiki Komoto , Kenta Kasai

We investigate the relationship between superselection rules and quantum error correcting codes. We demonstrate that the existence of a superselection rule implies the Knill-Laflamme condition in quantum error correction. As an example, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Ning Bao , ChunJun Cao , Aidan Chatwin-Davies , Gong Cheng , Guanyu Zhu

Quantum error correction is capable of digitizing quantum noise and increasing the robustness of qubits. Typically, error correction is designed with the target of eliminating all errors - making an error so unlikely it can be assumed that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-20 Salonik Resch , Ulya R. Karpuzcu

Quantum error-correcting codes are analyzed from an information-theoretic perspective centered on quantum conditional and mutual entropies. This approach parallels the description of classical error correction in Shannon theory, while…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-18 Nicolas J. Cerf , Richard Cleve

Quantum error-correcting code (QECC) is the central ingredient in fault-tolerant quantum information processing. An emerging paradigm of dynamical QECC shows that one can robustly encode logical quantum information both temporally and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-29 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

Quantum states are very delicate, so it is likely some sort of quantum error correction will be necessary to build reliable quantum computers. The theory of quantum error-correcting codes has some close ties to and some striking differences…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniel Gottesman

The quantum error correction theory is as a rule formulated in a rather convoluted way, in comparison to classical algebraic theory. This work revisits the error correction in a noisy quantum channel so as to make it intelligible to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-17 C. M. F. Barros , Francisco Marcos de Assis , H. M. de Oliveira

Errors in quantum computers are of two kinds: sudden perturbations to isolated qubits, and slow random drifts of all the qubits. The latter may be reduced, but not eliminated, by means of symmetrization, namely by using many replicas of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Asher Peres

We study the use of triorthogonal codes for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation and propose two methods to circumvent the Eastin-Knill theorem, which prohibits any single quantum error-correcting code from supporting both…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-06 Dawei Jiao , Mahdi Bayanifar , Alexei Ashikhmin , Olav Tirkkonen

The storage and processing of quantum information are susceptible to external noise, resulting in computational errors that are inherently continuous A powerful method to suppress these effects is to use quantum error correction. Typically,…

We introduce a theory of quantum error correction (QEC) for a subclass of states within a larger Hilbert space. In the standard theory of QEC, the set of all encoded states is formed by an arbitrary linear combination of the codewords.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-13 Maximilian Reichert , Louis W. Tessler , Marcel Bergmann , Peter van Loock , Tim Byrnes

Quantum error correction (QEC) is considered a deciding component in enabling practical quantum computing. Stabilizer codes, and in particular topological surface codes, are promising candidates for implementing QEC by redundantly encoding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-12 Josias Old , Stephan Tasler , Michael J. Hartmann , Markus Müller

We propose and analyze a hierarchical quantum error correction (QEC) scheme that concatenates hypergraph product (HGP) codes with rotated surface codes, which is compatible with quantum computers with only nearest-neighbor interactions. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-26 Junichi Haruna , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum computation and communication rely on the ability to manipulate quantum states robustly and with high fidelity. Thus, some form of error correction is needed to protect fragile quantum superposition states from corruption by…

The surface code is a powerful quantum error correcting code that can be defined on a 2-D square lattice of qubits with only nearest neighbor interactions. Syndrome and data qubits form a checkerboard pattern. Information about errors is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-24 Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

In this paper we extend the traditional framework of noncommutative geometry in order to deal with spectral truncations of geometric spaces (i.e. imposing an ultraviolet cutoff in momentum space) and with tolerance relations which provide a…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2020-08-26 Alain Connes , Walter D. van Suijlekom