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Attribution of cyber-attacks remains a complex but critical challenge for cyber defenders. Currently, manual extraction of behavioral indicators from dense forensic documentation causes significant attribution delays, especially following…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Kyla Guru , Robert J. Moss , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4, PaLM, and Llama have significantly propelled the generation of AI-crafted text. With rising concerns about their potential misuse, there is a pressing need for AI-generated-text forensics. Neural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Tharindu Kumarage , Huan Liu

Federated Learning (FL) allows collaborative machine learning training without sharing private data. Numerous studies have shown that one significant factor affecting the performance of federated learning models is the heterogeneity of data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Liang Kuang , Kuangpu Guo , Jian Liang , Jianguo Zhang

This paper demonstrates a new side-channel that enables an adversary to extract sensitive information about inference inputs in large language models (LLMs) based on the number of output tokens in the LLM response. We construct attacks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Tianchen Zhang , Gururaj Saileshwar , David Lie

Large language models (LLMs) memorize text from several sources of documents. In pretraining, LLM trains to maximize the likelihood of text but neither receives the source of the text nor memorizes the source. Accordingly, LLM can not…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Bumjin Park , Jaesik Choi

Large language models (LLMs) have become the backbone of modern natural language processing but pose privacy concerns about leaking sensitive training data. Membership inference attacks (MIAs), which aim to infer whether a sample is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Toan Tran , Ruixuan Liu , Li Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on several tasks and are increasingly deployed in real-world applications. However, especially in high-stakes settings, it becomes vital to know when the output of an LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yu-Neng Chuang , Prathusha Kameswara Sarma , Parikshit Gopalan , John Boccio , Sara Bolouki , Xia Hu , Helen Zhou

Transformer-based language models (LMs) are at the core of modern NLP, but their internal prediction construction process is opaque and largely not understood. In this work, we make a substantial step towards unveiling this underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Mor Geva , Avi Caciularu , Kevin Ro Wang , Yoav Goldberg

Tokenization is a foundational step in the text process of Large Language Models (LLMs). Texts must be first tokenized into token IDs, which are then input to LLMs. Inefficient tokenization results in long token-ID sequences and will slow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Chong Li , Yingzhuo Deng , Wen Yang , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Federated Learning (FL) is a machine learning paradigm that allows decentralized clients to learn collaboratively without sharing their private data. However, excessive computation and communication demands pose challenges to current FL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Yue Tan , Guodong Long , Jie Ma , Lu Liu , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang

Federated learning (FL) addresses privacy concerns in training language models by enabling multiple clients to contribute to the training, without sending their data to others. However, non-IID (identically and independently distributed)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jong-Ik Park , Carlee Joe-Wong

Agentic large language model (LLM) training often involves multi-turn interaction trajectories that branch into multiple execution paths due to concurrent tool use, think-mode, sub-agent, context management and other runtime designs. As a…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have excelled in various tasks but perform better in high-resource scenarios, which presents challenges in low-resource scenarios. Data scarcity and the inherent difficulty of adapting LLMs to specific tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yuanhao Zeng , Min Wang , Yihang Wang , Yingxia Shao

The rapid advancement in large foundation models is propelling the paradigm shifts across various industries. One significant change is that agents, instead of traditional machines or humans, will be the primary participants in the future…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-30 Zhuoran Xiao , Chenhui Ye , Yijia Feng , Yunbo Hu , Tianyu Jiao , Liyu Cai , Guangyi Liu

Federated Learning (FL) is a method of training machine learning models on private data distributed over a large number of possibly heterogeneous clients such as mobile phones and IoT devices. In this work, we propose a new federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Enmao Diao , Jie Ding , Vahid Tarokh

Large Language Models (LLMs) typically generate outputs token by token using a fixed compute budget, leading to inefficient resource utilization. To address this shortcoming, recent advancements in mixture of expert (MoE) models,…

Large language models (LLMs) excel at natural language understanding and generation but remain vulnerable to factual errors, limiting their reliability in knowledge-intensive tasks. While decoding-time strategies provide a promising…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Jingze Zhu , Yongliang Wu , Wenbo Zhu , Jiawang Cao , Yanqiang Zheng , Jiawei Chen , Xu Yang , Bernt Schiele , Jonas Fischer , Xinting Hu

Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) are pivotal in revolutionizing customer support and operations by integrating multiple modalities such as text, images, and audio. Federated Prompt Learning (FPL) is a recently proposed approach that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Linh Tran , Wei Sun , Stacy Patterson , Ana Milanova

Existing approaches in Federated Learning (FL) mainly focus on sending model parameters or gradients from clients to a server. However, these methods are plagued by significant inefficiency, privacy, and security concerns. Thanks to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jie Zhang , Xiaohua Qi , Bo Zhao

Federated learning (FL) is an emerging distributed machine learning framework for collaborative model training with a network of clients (edge devices). FL offers default client privacy by allowing clients to keep their sensitive data on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-24 Wenqi Wei , Ling Liu , Margaret Loper , Ka-Ho Chow , Mehmet Emre Gursoy , Stacey Truex , Yanzhao Wu
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