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Split learning is a promising privacy-preserving distributed learning scheme that has low computation requirement at the edge device but has the disadvantage of high communication overhead between edge device and server. To reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-10 Xing Chen , Jingtao Li , Chaitali Chakrabarti

Despite the notable success of deep neural networks (DNNs) in solving complex tasks, the training process still remains considerable challenges. A primary obstacle is the substantial time required for training, particularly as high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Viet Hoang Pham , Hyo-Sung Ahn

Split learning (SL) is a promising approach for training artificial intelligence (AI) models, in which devices collaborate with a server to train an AI model in a distributed manner, based on a same fixed split point. However, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Zuguang Li , Wen Wu , Shaohua Wu , Wei Wang

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed deep learning approach enabling multiple clients and a server to collaboratively train and infer on a shared deep neural network (DNN) without requiring clients to share their private local data. The DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Phillip Rieger , Alessandro Pegoraro , Kavita Kumari , Tigist Abera , Jonathan Knauer , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Federated learning (FL) operates based on model exchanges between the server and the clients, and it suffers from significant client-side computation and communication burden. Split federated learning (SFL) arises a promising solution by…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yiannis Papageorgiou , Yannis Thomas , Alexios Filippakopoulos , Ramin Khalili , Iordanis Koutsopoulos

Split learning enables efficient and privacy-aware training of a deep neural network by splitting a neural network so that the clients (data holders) compute the first layers and only share the intermediate output with the central…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Ege Erdogan , Unat Teksen , Mehmet Salih Celiktenyildiz , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

Split learning (SL) is a collaborative learning framework, which can train an artificial intelligence (AI) model between a device and an edge server by splitting the AI model into a device-side model and a server-side model at a cut layer.…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Wen Wu , Mushu Li , Kaige Qu , Conghao Zhou , Xuemin , Shen , Weihua Zhuang , Xu Li , Weisen Shi

Split learning (SL) aims to protect user data privacy by distributing deep models between client-server and keeping private data locally. In SL training with multiple clients, the local model weights are shared among the clients for local…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Ngoc Duy Pham , Tran Khoa Phan , Alsharif Abuadbba , Yansong Gao , Doan Nguyen , Naveen Chilamkurti

The recent success of deep learning applications has coincided with those widely available powerful computational resources for training sophisticated machine learning models with huge datasets. Nonetheless, training large models such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Farley Lai , Asim Kadav , Erik Kruus

Distributed deep learning frameworks such as split learning provide great benefits with regards to the computational cost of training deep neural networks and the privacy-aware utilization of the collective data of a group of data-holders.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Ege Erdogan , Alptekin Kupcu , A. Ercument Cicek

In recent years, there have been great advances in the field of decentralized learning with private data. Federated learning (FL) and split learning (SL) are two spearheads possessing their pros and cons, and are suited for many user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Shraman Pal , Mansi Uniyal , Jihong Park , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Moongu Jeon , Jinho Choi

We introduce Split Unlearning, a novel machine unlearning technology designed for Split Learning (SL), enabling the first-ever implementation of Sharded, Isolated, Sliced, and Aggregated (SISA) unlearning in SL frameworks. Particularly, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Guangsheng Yu , Yanna Jiang , Qin Wang , Xu Wang , Baihe Ma , Caijun Sun , Wei Ni , Ren Ping Liu

Split learning (SL) is a privacy-preserving distributed deep learning method used to train a collaborative model without the need for sharing of patient's raw data between clients. In split learning, an additional privacy-preserving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-29 Harshit Madaan , Manish Gawali , Viraj Kulkarni , Aniruddha Pant

In this paper, we propose a novel distributed learning scheme, named group-based split federated learning (GSFL), to speed up artificial intelligence (AI) model training. Specifically, the GSFL operates in a split-then-federated manner,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Songge Zhang , Wen Wu , Penghui Hu , Shaofeng Li , Ning Zhang

Shortage of labeled data has been holding the surge of deep learning in healthcare back, as sample sizes are often small, patient information cannot be shared openly, and multi-center collaborative studies are a burden to set up.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Maarten G. Poirot , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ken Chang , Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer , Rajiv Gupta , Ramesh Raskar

With the prevalence of Large Learning Models (LLM), Split Federated Learning (SFL), which divides a learning model into server-side and client-side models, has emerged as an appealing technology to deal with the heavy computational burden…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Yipeng Liang , Qimei Chen , Guangxu Zhu , Muhammad Kaleem Awan , Hao Jiang

A Federated Learning (FL) system collaboratively trains neural networks across devices and a server but is limited by significant on-device computation costs. Split Federated Learning (SFL) systems mitigate this by offloading a block of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Zihan Zhang , Leon Wong , Blesson Varghese

Split learning is a privacy-preserving distributed learning paradigm in which an ML model (e.g., a neural network) is split into two parts (i.e., an encoder and a decoder). The encoder shares so-called latent representation, rather than raw…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Omar Alhussein , Moshi Wei , Arashmid Akhavain

The continuous scaling of deep neural networks has fundamentally transformed machine learning, with larger models demonstrating improved performance across diverse tasks. This growth in model size has dramatically increased the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuki Oda , Yuta Ono , Hiroshi Nakamura , Hideki Takase

Federated learning (FL) is one of the popular distributed machine learning (ML) solutions but incurs significant communication and computation costs at edge devices. Federated split learning (FSL) can train sub-models in parallel and reduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen
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