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Large language models face significant computational and memory challenges when processing long contexts. During inference, efficient management of the key-value (KV) cache, which stores intermediate activations for autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yuxuan Zhu , Ali Falahati , David H. Yang , Mohammad Mohammadi Amiri

As Large Language Models (LLMs) scale to support context windows exceeding one million tokens, the linear growth of Key-Value (KV) cache imposes severe memory capacity and bandwidth bottlenecks, constraining the efficiency of long-context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Zhirui Chen , Peiyang Liu , Ling Shao

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive potential in various practical applications. However, long context inference poses a significant challenge due to the enormous memory requirements of the key-value (KV)…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Bo Jiang , Taolue Yang , Youyuan Liu , Chengming Zhang , Xubin He , Sian Jin

As the core algorithm in recommendation systems, collaborative filtering (CF) algorithms inevitably face the problem of data sparsity. Since CF captures similar users and items for recommendations, it is effective to augment the lacking…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Yunze Luo , Yinjie Jiang , Gaode Chen , Jingchi Wang , Shicheng Wang , Ruina Sun , Jiang Yuezihan , Jun Zhang , Jian Liang , Han Li , Kun Gai , Kaigui Bian

The Key-Value (KV) cache is central to the efficiency of transformer-based large language models (LLMs), storing previously computed vectors to accelerate inference. Yet, as sequence length and batch size grow, the cache becomes a major…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Damien Lesens , Beheshteh T. Rakhshan , Guillaume Rabusseau

Disaggregated inference has become an essential framework that separates the prefill (P) and decode (D) stages in large language model inference to improve throughput. However, the KV cache transfer faces significant delays between prefill…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Weiqing Li , Guochao Jiang , Xiangyong Ding , Zhangcheng Tao , Chuzhan Hao , Chenfeng Xu , Yuewei Zhang , Hao Wang

Transformer-based large language models (LLMs) have already achieved remarkable results on long-text tasks, but the limited GPU memory (VRAM) resources struggle to accommodate the linearly growing demand for key-value (KV) cache as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shibo Jie , Yehui Tang , Kai Han , Zhi-Hong Deng , Jing Han

Long-context Large Language Models (LLMs) enable powerful applications but incur high memory costs due to the key-value states (KV-Cache). Recent studies attempt to share KV-Cache across layers, but these approaches either require expensive…

Transformer decoders have achieved strong results across tasks, but the memory required for the KV cache becomes prohibitive at long sequence lengths. Although Cross-layer KV Cache sharing (e.g., YOCO, CLA) offers a path to mitigate KV…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Hongzhan Lin , Zhiqi Bai , Xinmiao Zhang , Sen Yang , Xiang Li , Siran Yang , Yunlong Xu , Jiaheng Liu , Yongchi Zhao , Jiamang Wang , Yuchi Xu , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

The deployment of efficient long-context LLMs in applications like autonomous agents, long-chain reasoning, and creative writing is fundamentally bottlenecked by the linear growth of KV cache memory. Existing compression and eviction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jitai Hao , Qiang Huang , Yaowei Wang , Min Zhang , Jun Yu

We focus on the problem of streaming recommender system and explore novel collaborative filtering algorithms to handle the data dynamicity and complexity in a streaming manner. Although deep neural networks have demonstrated the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Qingquan Song , Shiyu Chang , Xia Hu

Attribute-aware sequential recommendation entails predicting the next item a user will interact with based on a chronologically ordered history of past interactions, enriched with item attributes. Existing methods typically leverage…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shereen Elsayed , Ngoc Son Le , Ahmed Rashed , Lars Schmidt-Thieme

Key-Value (KV) cache remains a major bottleneck for deploying Large Language Models (LLMs) in long-generation tasks. Prior work often applies uniform compression across both prefill and decoding caches, but compressing the prefill cache…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Soumyadeep Jana , Sagar Nishad , Sanasam Ranbir Singh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive accomplishments in recent years. However, the increasing memory consumption of KV cache has possessed a significant challenge to the inference system. Eviction methods have revealed the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Zicong Tang , Shi Luohe , Zuchao Li , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Lefei Zhang , Ping Wang

Collaborative filtering tries to predict the ratings of a user over some items based on opinions of other users with similar taste. The ratings are usually given in the form of a sparse matrix, the goal being to find the missing entries…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Marko Kabić , Gabriel Duque López , Daniel Keller

Visual Autoregressive (VAR) modeling has garnered significant attention for its innovative next-scale prediction approach, which yields substantial improvements in efficiency, scalability, and zero-shot generalization. Nevertheless, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Kunjun Li , Zigeng Chen , Cheng-Yen Yang , Jenq-Neng Hwang

Many computational factors limit broader deployment of large language models. In this paper, we focus on a memory bottleneck imposed by the key-value (KV) cache, a computational shortcut that requires storing previous KV pairs during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Harry Dong , Xinyu Yang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhangyang Wang , Yuejie Chi , Beidi Chen

Large language models face significant cost challenges in long-sequence inference. To address this, reusing historical Key-Value (KV) Cache for improved inference efficiency has become a mainstream approach. Recent advances further enhance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ziyi Cao , Qingyi Si , Jingbin Zhang , Bingquan Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming recommendation from ranking into a generative task, but industrial deployment remains limited by the high latency of processing long, personalized prompts. Standard prefix caching provides…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zhan Zhao , Yuxin Wang , Amelie Chi Zhou

The increasing size of the Key-Value (KV) cache during the Large Language Models long-context inference is the main obstacle for its balance between the deployment cost and task accuracy. To reduce the KV cache size in such scenarios, most…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Manlai Liang , JiaMing Zhang , Xiong Li , Jinlong Li