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It is vital to minimise the impact of errors for near-future quantum devices that will lack the resources for full fault tolerance. Two quantum error mitigation (QEM) techniques have been introduced recently, namely error extrapolation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-01 Suguru Endo , Simon C. Benjamin , Ying Li

In the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, quantum error mitigation will be a necessary tool to extract useful performance out of quantum devices. However, there is a big gap between the noise models often assumed by error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-10 Abdullah Ash Saki , Amara Katabarwa , Salonik Resch , George Umbrarescu

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) provides a practical route for estimating reliable observables on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Traditional QEM strategies, including zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Huaxin Wang , Xinge Wu , Jiajun Liu , Ruiqing He , Jiandong Shang , Hengliang Guo , Qiang Chen

Noise is the main source that hinders us from fully exploiting quantum advantages in various quantum informational tasks. However, characterizing and calibrating the effect of noise is not always feasible in practice. Especially for quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-12 Hyukgun Kwon , Changhun Oh , Youngrong Lim , Hyunseok Jeong , Liang Jiang

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is critical in reducing the impact of noise in the pre-fault-tolerant era, and is expected to complement error correction in fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). In this paper, we propose a novel QEM…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Hrushikesh Pramod Patil , Dror Baron , Huiyang Zhou

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) has been proposed as an alternative method of quantum error correction to compensate errors in quantum systems without qubit overhead. While Markovian gate errors on digital quantum computers have been mainly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-02-09 Hideaki Hakoshima , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Suguru Endo

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

To achieve the practical applications of near-term noisy quantum devices, low-cost ways to mitigate the noise damages in the devices are essential. In many applications, the noiseless state we want to prepare is often a pure state, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-16 Zhenyu Cai

Quantum error mitigation techniques can reduce noise on current quantum hardware without the need for fault-tolerant quantum error correction. For instance, the quasiprobability method simulates a noise-free quantum computer using a noisy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Christophe Piveteau , David Sutter , Stefan Woerner

Numerous mitigation methods exist for quantum noise suppression, making it challenging to identify the optimum approach for a specific application; especially as ongoing advances in hardware tuning and error correction are expected to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Zach Blunden-Codd , Mohamed Tamaazousti

Quantum metrology with entangled resources aims to achieve sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit by harnessing quantum effects even in the presence of environmental noise. So far, sensitivity has been mainly discussed from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-20 Kaoru Yamamoto , Suguru Endo , Hideaki Hakoshima , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Quantum sensing is one of the most promising applications for quantum technologies. However, reaching the ultimate sensitivities enabled by the laws of quantum mechanics can be a challenging task in realistic scenarios where noise is…

As quantum computers grow in size and scope, a question of great importance is how best to benchmark performance. Here we define a set of characteristics that any benchmark should follow -- randomized, well-defined, holistic, device…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-06 Mirko Amico , Helena Zhang , Petar Jurcevic , Lev S. Bishop , Paul Nation , Andrew Wack , David C. McKay

Quantum error mitigation is an important technique to reduce the impact of noise in quantum computers. With more and more qubits being supported on quantum computers, there are two emerging fundamental challenges. First, the number of shots…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Dror Baron , Hrushikesh Pramod Patil , Huiyang Zhou

Despite significant efforts, the realization of the hybrid quantum-classical algorithms has predominantly been confined to proof-of-principles, mainly due to the hardware noise. With fault-tolerant implementation being a long-term goal,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-10 Srushti Patil , Dibyendu Mondal , Rahul Maitra

Numerous quantum error-mitigation protocols have been proposed, motivated by the critical need to suppress noise effects on intermediate-scale quantum devices. Yet, their general potential and limitations remain elusive. In particular, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Ryuji Takagi , Hiroyasu Tajima , Mile Gu

Learning problems involving quantum data are natural candidates for demonstrating an advantage in quantum machine learning. Recent results indicate that, for certain tasks and under noiseless conditions, coherent processing of quantum data…

Quantum computing devices are inevitably subject to errors. To leverage quantum technologies for computational benefits in practical applications, quantum algorithms and protocols must be implemented reliably under noise and imperfections.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-18 Jihye Kim , Byungdu Oh , Yonuk Chong , Euyheon Hwang , Daniel K. Park

A standard approach to quantum computing is based on the idea of promoting a classically simulable and fault-tolerant set of operations to a universal set by the addition of `magic' quantum states. In this context, we develop a general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 Matteo Lostaglio , Alessandro Ciani

The accumulation of noise in quantum computers is the dominant issue stymieing the push of quantum algorithms beyond their classical counterparts. We do not expect to be able to afford the overhead required for quantum error correction in…