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Quantum algorithms based on parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have enabled a wide range of applications on near-term quantum devices. However, existing PQC architectures face several challenges, among which the ``barren plateaus"…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Zhenyu Chen , Yuguo Shao , Zhengwei Liu , Zhaohui Wei

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) represent a promising approach to utilizing current quantum computing infrastructures. VQAs are based on a parameterized quantum circuit optimized in a closed loop via a classical algorithm. This hybrid…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-10 David Fitzek , Robert S. Jonsson , Werner Dobrautz , Christian Schäfer

Barren plateaus present a major challenge in the training of variational quantum algorithms (VQAs), particularly for large-scale discretizations of nonlinear partial differential equations. In this work, we introduce a domain decomposition…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Laila S. Busaleh , Jeonghyeuk Kwon , Orlane Zang , Muhammad Hassan , Yvon Maday

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) have generated excitement around the possibility of efficiently analyzing quantum data. But this excitement has been tempered by the existence of exponentially vanishing gradients, known as barren plateau…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-02 Arthur Pesah , M. Cerezo , Samson Wang , Tyler Volkoff , Andrew T. Sornborger , Patrick J. Coles

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are a modern family of quantum algorithms designed to solve optimization problems using a quantum computer. Typically VQAs rely on a feedback loop between the quantum device and a classical optimization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-26 Alexey Uvarov

Variational quantum algorithms represent a powerful approach for solving optimization problems on noisy quantum computers, with a broad spectrum of potential applications ranging from chemistry to machine learning. However, their…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are among the most promising algorithms in the era of Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum Devices. Such algorithms are constructed using a parameterization U($\pmb{\theta}$) with a classical optimizer that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-21 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) have emerged as a foundational element in the development and applications of quantum algorithms. However, when initialized with random parameter values, PQCs often exhibit barren plateaus (BP). These…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Rashid , Saif Al-Kuwari , Muhammad Shafique

Variational Quantum Algorithms have emerged as a leading paradigm for near-term quantum computation. In such algorithms, a parameterized quantum circuit is controlled via a classical optimization method that seeks to minimize a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-19 Javier Rivera-Dean , Patrick Huembeli , Antonio Acín , Joseph Bowles

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have emerged as pivotal strategies for attaining quantum advantage in diverse scientific and technological domains, notably within Quantum Neural Networks. However, despite their potential, VQAs…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-22 Lucas Friedrich , Tiago de Souza Farias , Jonas Maziero

Inspired by the Fleming-Viot stochastic process, we propose a parallel implementation of variational quantum algorithms with the aim of reducing the time spent by the algorithm in barren plateaus, where optimization direction is unclear. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Daniel Mastropietro , Georgios Korpas , Vyacheslav Kungurtsev , Jakub Marecek

Optimisation via parameterised quantum circuits is the prevalent technique of near-term quantum algorithms. However, the omnipresent phenomenon of barren plateaus - parameter regions with vanishing gradients - sets a persistent hurdle that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-20 Lennart Binkowski , Gereon Koßmann , Tobias J. Osborne , René Schwonnek , Timo Ziegler

Quantum compilation provides a method to translate quantum algorithms at a high level of abstraction into their implementations as quantum circuits on real hardware. One approach to quantum compiling is to design a parameterised circuit and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-18 Niall F. Robertson , Albert Akhriev , Jiri Vala , Sergiy Zhuk

Variational quantum eigensolvers (VQEs) represent a powerful class of hybrid quantum-classical algorithms for computing molecular energies. Various numerical issues exist for these methods, however, including barren plateaus and large…

Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms have been proposed as a potentially viable application of quantum computers. A particular example - the variational quantum eigensolver, or VQE - is designed to determine a global minimum in an energy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-05 Alexey Uvarov , Jacob Biamonte , Dmitry Yudin

Hybrid quantum-classical variational algorithms are one of the most propitious implementations of quantum computing on near-term devices, offering classical machine learning support to quantum scale solution spaces. However, numerous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Taylor L. Patti , Khadijeh Najafi , Xun Gao , Susanne F. Yelin

Machine learning algorithms, both in their classical and quantum versions, heavily rely on optimization algorithms based on gradients, such as gradient descent and alike. The overall performance is dependent on the appearance of local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-26 Pablo Bermejo , Borja Aizpurua , Roman Orus

The emergence of the Barren Plateau phenomenon poses a significant challenge to quantum machine learning. While most Barren Plateau analyses focus on single-qubit rotation gates, the gradient behavior of Parameterized Quantum Circuits built…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Yuhan Yao , Yoshihiko Hasegawa

Advances in quantum algorithms suggest a tentative scaling advantage on certain combinatorial optimization problems. Recent work, however, has also reinforced the idea that barren plateaus render variational algorithms ineffective on large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-14 Tim Bode , Krish Ramesh , Tobias Stollenwerk

Variational quantum circuits have been widely employed in quantum simulation and quantum machine learning in recent years. However, quantum circuits with random structures have poor trainability due to the exponentially vanishing gradient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-20 Kaining Zhang , Liu Liu , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao