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On a variety of tasks, the performance of neural networks predictably improves with training time, dataset size and model size across many orders of magnitude. This phenomenon is known as a neural scaling law. Of fundamental importance is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Blake Bordelon , Alexander Atanasov , Cengiz Pehlevan

Scaling factors in residual branches have emerged as a prevalent method for boosting neural network performance, especially in normalization-free architectures. While prior work has primarily examined scaling effects from an optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zixiong Yu , Guhan Chen , Jianfa Lai , Bohan Li , Songtao Tian

To learn approximately optimal acting policies for decision problems, modern Actor Critic algorithms rely on deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to parameterize the acting policy and greedification operators to iteratively improve it. The reliance…

Actor-critic methods have been central to many of the recent advances in deep reinforcement learning. The most common approach is to use symmetric architectures, whereby both actor and critic have the same network topology and number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Olya Mastikhina , Dhruv Sreenivas , Pablo Samuel Castro

Actor-critic algorithms address the dual goals of reinforcement learning (RL), policy evaluation and improvement via two separate function approximators. The practicality of this approach comes at the expense of training instability, caused…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Bahareh Tasdighi , Abdullah Akgül , Manuel Haussmann , Kenny Kazimirzak Brink , Melih Kandemir

We prove that a single-layer neural network trained with the online actor critic algorithm converges in distribution to a random ordinary differential equation (ODE) as the number of hidden units and the number of training steps…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Samuel Chun-Hei Lam , Justin Sirignano , Ziheng Wang

We consider shallow (single hidden layer) neural networks and characterize their performance when trained with stochastic gradient descent as the number of hidden units $N$ and gradient descent steps grow to infinity. In particular, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-02 Jiahui Yu , Konstantinos Spiliopoulos

In this work we analyze strategies for convolutional neural network scaling; that is, the process of scaling a base convolutional network to endow it with greater computational complexity and consequently representational power. Example…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-12 Piotr Dollár , Mannat Singh , Ross Girshick

Recent studies have increasingly focused on non-asymptotic convergence analyses for actor-critic (AC) algorithms. One such effort introduced a two-timescale critic-actor algorithm for the discounted cost setting using a tabular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Prashansa Panda , Shalabh Bhatnagar

In reinforcement learning for partially observable environments, many successful algorithms have been developed within the asymmetric learning paradigm. This paradigm leverages additional state information available at training time for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Gaspard Lambrechts , Damien Ernst , Aditya Mahajan

Actor-critic (AC) algorithms, empowered by neural networks, have had significant empirical success in recent years. However, most of the existing theoretical support for AC algorithms focuses on the case of linear function approximations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Yufeng Zhang , Siyu Chen , Zhuoran Yang , Michael I. Jordan , Zhaoran Wang

Actor-critic (AC) is a powerful method for learning an optimal policy in reinforcement learning, where the critic uses algorithms, e.g., temporal difference (TD) learning with function approximation, to evaluate the current policy and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Yudan Wang , Yue Wang , Yi Zhou , Shaofeng Zou

A multiplicative constant scaling factor is often applied to the model output to adjust the dynamics of neural network parameters. This has been used as one of the key interventions in an empirical study of lazy and active behavior.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-05 Ryuichi Kanoh , Mahito Sugiyama

Soft actor-critic (SAC) in reinforcement learning is expected to be one of the next-generation robot control schemes. Its ability to maximize policy entropy would make a robotic controller robust to noise and perturbation, which is useful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Taisuke Kobayashi

In this paper, we study the role of the critic in actor--critic for entropy-regularized, finite, discounted environments. We establish that, when the critic is exact, using the latter as a baseline is a variance-reduction method in a strong…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Safwan Labbi , Paul Mangold , Daniil Tiapkin , Eric Moulines

Uncertainty estimation is critical for numerous applications of deep neural networks and draws growing attention from researchers. Here, we demonstrate an uncertainty quantification approach for deep neural networks used in inverse problems…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Luzhe Huang , Jianing Li , Xiaofu Ding , Yijie Zhang , Hanlong Chen , Aydogan Ozcan

We consider a variant of online convex optimization in which both the instances (input vectors) and the comparator (weight vector) are unconstrained. We exploit a natural scale invariance symmetry in our unconstrained setting: the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-08-24 Wojciech Kotłowski

Neural networks (NNs) have been shown to learn complex control laws successfully, often with performance advantages or decreased computational cost compared to alternative methods. Neural network controllers (NNCs) are, however, highly…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-08 Oliver Gates , Matthew Newton , Konstantinos Gatsis

Convolutional Neural Networks have dramatically improved in recent years, surpassing human accuracy on certain problems and performance exceeding that of traditional computer vision algorithms. While the compute pattern in itself is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-10 Michaela Blott , Thomas B. Preusser , Nicholas Fraser , Giulio Gambardella , Kenneth OBrien , Yaman Umuroglu , Miriam Leeser

Actor-critic methods integrating target networks have exhibited a stupendous empirical success in deep reinforcement learning. However, a theoretical understanding of the use of target networks in actor-critic methods is largely missing in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Anas Barakat , Pascal Bianchi , Julien Lehmann