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Efficiently evaluating the performance of text-to-image models is difficult as it inherently requires subjective judgment and human preference, making it hard to compare different models and quantify the state of the art. Leveraging…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Dimitrios Christodoulou , Mads Kuhlmann-Jørgensen

Human annotations are vital to supervised learning, yet annotators often disagree on the correct label, especially as annotation tasks increase in complexity. A strategy to improve label quality is to ask multiple annotators to label the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Alexander Braylan , Madalyn Marabella , Omar Alonso , Matthew Lease

Human annotation plays a core role in machine learning -- annotations for supervised models, safety guardrails for generative models, and human feedback for reinforcement learning, to cite a few avenues. However, the fact that many of these…

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is foundational for evaluating language understanding in AI. However, progress has plateaued, with models failing on ambiguous examples and exhibiting poor generalization. We argue that this stems from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Claudiu Creanga , Liviu P. Dinu

In the rapidly evolving landscape of Natural Language Processing (NLP), the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for automated text annotation in social media posts has garnered significant interest. Despite the impressive innovations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Mao Li , Frederick Conrad

Disagreement in annotation is a common phenomenon in the development of NLP datasets and serves as a valuable source of insight. While majority voting remains the dominant strategy for aggregating labels, recent work has explored modeling…

Label aggregation such as majority voting is commonly used to resolve annotator disagreement in dataset creation. However, this may disregard minority values and opinions. Recent studies indicate that learning from individual annotations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Xinpeng Wang , Barbara Plank

Incorporating every annotator's perspective is crucial for unbiased data modeling. Annotator fatigue and changing opinions over time can distort dataset annotations. To combat this, we propose to learn a more accurate representation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Uthman Jinadu , Yi Ding

Image generation models are poised to become ubiquitous in a range of applications. These models are often fine-tuned and evaluated using human quality judgments that assume a universal standard, failing to consider the subjectivity of such…

As AI systems continue to evolve, their rigorous evaluation becomes crucial for their development and deployment. Researchers have constructed various large-scale benchmarks to determine their capabilities, typically against a gold-standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Yan Zhuang , Qi Liu , Zachary A. Pardos , Patrick C. Kyllonen , Jiyun Zu , Zhenya Huang , Shijin Wang , Enhong Chen

This paper present the practice of data annotation from the perspective of the annotators. Data is fundamental to ML models. This paper investigates the work practices concerning data annotation as performed in the industry, in India.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Ding Wang , Shantanu Prabhat , Nithya Sambasivan

In AI alignment, extensive latitude must be granted to annotators, either human or algorithmic, to judge which model outputs are `better' or `safer.' We refer to this latitude as alignment discretion. Such discretion remains largely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Maarten Buyl , Hadi Khalaf , Claudio Mayrink Verdun , Lucas Monteiro Paes , Caio C. Vieira Machado , Flavio du Pin Calmon

Crowdsourcing has emerged as a popular approach for collecting annotated data to train supervised machine learning models. However, annotator bias can lead to defective annotations. Though there are a few works investigating individual…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Haochen Liu , Joseph Thekinen , Sinem Mollaoglu , Da Tang , Ji Yang , Youlong Cheng , Hui Liu , Jiliang Tang

While supervised learning has achieved significant success in computer vision tasks, acquiring high-quality annotated data remains a bottleneck. This paper explores both scholarly and non-scholarly works in AI-assistive deep learning image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Moseli Mots'oehli

Meetings often suffer from a lack of intentionality, such as unclear goals and straying off-topic. Identifying goals and maintaining their clarity throughout a meeting is challenging, as discussions and uncertainties evolve. Yet meeting…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Xinyue Chen , Lev Tankelevitch , Rishi Vanukuru , Ava Elizabeth Scott , Payod Panda , Sean Rintel

Since state-of-the-art approaches to offensive language detection rely on supervised learning, it is crucial to quickly adapt them to the continuously evolving scenario of social media. While several approaches have been proposed to tackle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Elisa Leonardelli , Stefano Menini , Alessio Palmero Aprosio , Marco Guerini , Sara Tonelli

Preference-based alignment methods, most prominently Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF), use the judgments of human annotators to shape large language model behaviour. However, the normative role of these judgments is rarely…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Steve Coyne

Augmented Reality (AR) is a promising medium for guiding users through tasks, yet its impact on fostering deeper task understanding remains underexplored. This paper investigates the impact of reflective prompts -- strategic questions that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Nandi Zhang , Yukang Yan , Ryo Suzuki

What are the limits of automated Twitter sentiment classification? We analyze a large set of manually labeled tweets in different languages, use them as training data, and construct automated classification models. It turns out that the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-31 Igor Mozetic , Miha Grcar , Jasmina Smailovic

Large language models have advanced rapidly, from pattern recognition to emerging forms of reasoning, yet they remain confined to linguistic simulation rather than grounded understanding. They can produce fluent outputs that resemble…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Rikard Rosenbacke , Carl Rosenbacke , Victor Rosenbacke , Martin McKee